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一、especially,specially,particularly
1.当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为“特别”)时,三者都可用。如:
It is particularly [especially,specially] cold today. 今天特别冷。
I was feeling particularly [especially, specially] tired this evening. 今天晚上我特别累。
有时还可修饰动词。如:
I especially [particularly, specially] want to see that film. 我特别想看那部电影。
2.当用于强调目的(意为“特意”,“专门”)时,通常用specially或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:
I was asked specially to meet her.
特意要我去接她。
We bought it specially [especially] for you.
这是我们特意为你买的。
The book is written especially [specially] for children. 这本书是专门为孩子们写的。
3.表示列举时当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如:
We want to invite some friends, especially Jim and John. 我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。
Noise is unpleasant, especially when you’re trying to sleep. 噪音是令人不愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。
The children enjoyed watching the animals, especially [particularly] the monkeys.
孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。
二、fairly, quite, rather, pretty
这几个词都可表示程度,用法区别如下:
1.fairly语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。
2.quite语气稍重,意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。
3.rather或 pretty在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当”(pretty不如rather正式)。要是说某一部电影rather/pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料的好。两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏,rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作。
三、alive,living与live
三者均可表示“活着的”,区别如下:
1.alive主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:
He must be still alive. 他一定还活着。
He’s the happiest man alive. 他是世上最幸福的人。
注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如:
He is a really alive student. 他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。
2.living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:
Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?
Both plants and animals are living things. 动物和植物都是生物。
alive和 living表示“活着的”,两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可以互换。如:谁是当代最伟大的诗人?
正:Who is the greatest living poet?
正:Who is the greatest poet alive?
若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living通常是客观描述某人“尚在人间”或“健在”,而 alive 则主要指生与死的“界限”。如:
He was still alive when I reached the hospital. 当我赶到医院时他还活着。
3.live表示“活着的;现场直播的”。通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:
He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。
It’ll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen.
那将是全世界的人曾经见过的规模最大的一场现场直播的音乐会。
四、no more than与not more than
1.no more than 的意思是“仅仅”“只有”“最多不超过”,强调少。如:
This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只要30分钟。
The pub was no more than half full. 该酒吧的上座率最多不超过五成。
For thirty years, he had done no more than he (had) needed to.
30年来,他只干了他需要干的工作。
2.not more than 为 more than (多于)的否定式,其意为“不多于”“不超过”。如:
Not more than 10 guests came to her birthday party. 来参加她的生日宴会的客人不超过十人。
比较:She has no more than three hats. 她只有3顶帽子。(太少了)
She has not more than three hats. 她至多有3顶帽子。(也许不到3顶帽子)
I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱最多不过5元。(言其少)
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。(也许不到5元)
五、worth, worthy, worthwhile
1.worth表示“值,值得”,可用作表语或后置定语,其后一定要有名词或动名词作宾语,但不能接不定式。如:
The book is worth $ 100. 这本书值100美元。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得读的书。
2.worthy表示“应得,配得上,值得”,常作表语或后置定语,后接不定式,或of加名词或动名词。如:
His behaviour is worthy of great praise. 他的行为应受到高度赞扬。
I think he is not worthy of her. 我认为他配不上她。
The book is worthy of being read.=The book is worthy to be read. 这本书值得读。
This is a book worthy of being read.=This is a book worthy to be read.
这是一本值得读的书。
3.worthwhile表示“值得的,值得干的,值得花时间/金钱/精力的”,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:
Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理是很值得干的职业。(定语)
The visit to Paris is worthwhile. 去巴黎访问是值得的。(表语)
I think it worthwhile to read the book. 我认为看那本书是值得的。(宾补)
还可用于It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. 句型。如:
It is worthwhile reading/to read the book.= Reading/To read this book is worthwhile. book这本书值得看。
有时可在worth与while之间插入one’s。如:
The work is worth your while. 这工作值得你去做。
It is worth our while to discuss the question. 这个问题值得我们讨论。
make it worth sb.’s while 酬谢某人。如:
They promised to make it worth her while if she would take part.
他们许诺说她要是参加,就给她报酬。
1.当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为“特别”)时,三者都可用。如:
It is particularly [especially,specially] cold today. 今天特别冷。
I was feeling particularly [especially, specially] tired this evening. 今天晚上我特别累。
有时还可修饰动词。如:
I especially [particularly, specially] want to see that film. 我特别想看那部电影。
2.当用于强调目的(意为“特意”,“专门”)时,通常用specially或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:
I was asked specially to meet her.
特意要我去接她。
We bought it specially [especially] for you.
这是我们特意为你买的。
The book is written especially [specially] for children. 这本书是专门为孩子们写的。
3.表示列举时当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如:
We want to invite some friends, especially Jim and John. 我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。
Noise is unpleasant, especially when you’re trying to sleep. 噪音是令人不愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。
The children enjoyed watching the animals, especially [particularly] the monkeys.
孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。
二、fairly, quite, rather, pretty
这几个词都可表示程度,用法区别如下:
1.fairly语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。
2.quite语气稍重,意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。
3.rather或 pretty在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当”(pretty不如rather正式)。要是说某一部电影rather/pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料的好。两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏,rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作。
三、alive,living与live
三者均可表示“活着的”,区别如下:
1.alive主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:
He must be still alive. 他一定还活着。
He’s the happiest man alive. 他是世上最幸福的人。
注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如:
He is a really alive student. 他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。
2.living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:
Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?
Both plants and animals are living things. 动物和植物都是生物。
alive和 living表示“活着的”,两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可以互换。如:谁是当代最伟大的诗人?
正:Who is the greatest living poet?
正:Who is the greatest poet alive?
若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living通常是客观描述某人“尚在人间”或“健在”,而 alive 则主要指生与死的“界限”。如:
He was still alive when I reached the hospital. 当我赶到医院时他还活着。
3.live表示“活着的;现场直播的”。通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:
He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。
It’ll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen.
那将是全世界的人曾经见过的规模最大的一场现场直播的音乐会。
四、no more than与not more than
1.no more than 的意思是“仅仅”“只有”“最多不超过”,强调少。如:
This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只要30分钟。
The pub was no more than half full. 该酒吧的上座率最多不超过五成。
For thirty years, he had done no more than he (had) needed to.
30年来,他只干了他需要干的工作。
2.not more than 为 more than (多于)的否定式,其意为“不多于”“不超过”。如:
Not more than 10 guests came to her birthday party. 来参加她的生日宴会的客人不超过十人。
比较:She has no more than three hats. 她只有3顶帽子。(太少了)
She has not more than three hats. 她至多有3顶帽子。(也许不到3顶帽子)
I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱最多不过5元。(言其少)
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。(也许不到5元)
五、worth, worthy, worthwhile
1.worth表示“值,值得”,可用作表语或后置定语,其后一定要有名词或动名词作宾语,但不能接不定式。如:
The book is worth $ 100. 这本书值100美元。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得读的书。
2.worthy表示“应得,配得上,值得”,常作表语或后置定语,后接不定式,或of加名词或动名词。如:
His behaviour is worthy of great praise. 他的行为应受到高度赞扬。
I think he is not worthy of her. 我认为他配不上她。
The book is worthy of being read.=The book is worthy to be read. 这本书值得读。
This is a book worthy of being read.=This is a book worthy to be read.
这是一本值得读的书。
3.worthwhile表示“值得的,值得干的,值得花时间/金钱/精力的”,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:
Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理是很值得干的职业。(定语)
The visit to Paris is worthwhile. 去巴黎访问是值得的。(表语)
I think it worthwhile to read the book. 我认为看那本书是值得的。(宾补)
还可用于It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. 句型。如:
It is worthwhile reading/to read the book.= Reading/To read this book is worthwhile. book这本书值得看。
有时可在worth与while之间插入one’s。如:
The work is worth your while. 这工作值得你去做。
It is worth our while to discuss the question. 这个问题值得我们讨论。
make it worth sb.’s while 酬谢某人。如:
They promised to make it worth her while if she would take part.
他们许诺说她要是参加,就给她报酬。