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英语的四项能力“听,说,读,写”的排列顺序既是一个天然人形成语言能力的先后顺序,也代表了这四项能力在后天培养时的难度顺序,写作水平是这四项能力中最难提高的。根据国际普遍认可的英语能力考试雅思考试(IELTS)的成绩统计,中国学生的写作能力及得分为四项中最低。这一状况同样出现在高中阶段,学生的写作依然是一个难题。
以下我将用名词性从句,定语从句和虚拟语气这三个语法点,浅析如何让它们规范正确地应用于写作,让学生进一步掌握这些语法点,使语言学习更加灵动。
一、规范使用定语从句,表意简明又准确
英语写作很重视复杂句式的运用,而句子的复杂变化主要来自于从句的运用,但是,如果刻意的让句子看起来复杂,有的时候反而会画蛇添足;而有些学生在使用定语从句时,不分类型使用,结果就会产生歧义。下面看两个考生的句子:
例1. The lady who is old is looking after the baby who is sleeping.这句子其实就是:The old lady is looking after the sleeping baby.前句虽然是语法上正确的限定性定语从句,却还不如简单句读着舒服。
例2.中文是“老人有两个儿子,他们都是军人”,翻译为:The old man has two sons who are soldiers.这句话因为一个标点而产生了歧义,让我们误以为,老人可能还有别的不是军人的儿子,所以这句话正确的写法应该是:The old man has two sons , who are soldiers.
学生不能规范使用定语从句源于我们对于语法教学在应试方面的过度强化,过于针对语法题或单选题进行训练,忽视了课标中对语言运用能力的要求。定语从句是写作中的常见句型,但是如何使用是有讲究的。一般来讲限定性定语从句是被修饰词的定语较复杂时使用的,即当定语已经不能由单个或多个形容词或短语能够表达,而必须由句子才能表达清楚时使用。而非限定性定语从句的使用主要是补充说明,使用前提是,认可前半句的意思已经完整,于是后半句再补充一些内容。在具体写作时我们可以多做些针对定语从句的场景练习。
例如:I live in Hami . It is famous for the fruits here. It is located in Xinjiang province.注意三个划线部分指的是同一个名词,于是这样的句子完全具备使用定语从句的条件,并且根据其意思的完整性,倾向于使用非限定性定语从句,即:I live in Hami ,which is famous for the fruits here, located in Xinjiang province.能力强些的学生可以改成:Hami ,where I live ,a small city in Xinjiang province ,is famous for the fruits here.这样简单句变复合句,句子有了层次感,主题更突出了。
二、恰当使用名词性从句,写作处处有亮点
当我们在复习名词性从句时,我们还是习惯性地按照从句的语法类型(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)来进行讲解,尽管难点、重点面面俱到,但更多是为了应对单选题。而在学生的写作中,名词性从句出现率虽然高,却很单调,主要是某些宾语从句和主语从句,例如:I think that , I believe that, I don’t know…或者It is important that , It is said that等等。这些从句结构太过平凡,适合初中生使用。在高中的英语写作中,它们是不会成为亮点的。
学生写作时脑海中如果只有各种从句的语法分类和琐碎的语法点的话,他们就无法用英语灵活地表达他们的想法。所以我认为当某些名词性从句被应用于写作时,不应按照语法类型来介入,而应按照用途介入,效果会好一些。下面我简单介绍两个名词性从句。
首先是关于what引导从句的恰当使用。在写作时学生常会遇到不会的生词,例如翻译:我永远不会忘记爸爸教给我的道理。学生想翻译,却发现“道理”这个词没学过,如果去查词典,就会查到arguments; principle; reason; truth这几个词,放到句子里感觉总是怪怪的,这时如果用what 引导的句子就很好解决了。这个句子可以写成:I will never forget what my father taught me.既表达出了想表达的意思,又避免了用词别扭的尴尬。可以看出,what引导的名词性从句有着明显的翻译特点,经常译为:“……的东西,……的话语,……的事情”等等。
此外,在课本必修三Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars的Reading 中,有两个句子用了同一个很好的结构,第一句: What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down ,water began to appear on its surface. 第二句:What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into oceans and seas.这两句话都用了What 引导的主语从句及一个That引导的表语从句,起到了很好的效果。这个嵌套结构可以让一些平凡的句子更有亮点。例如,翻译一个很简单的激励性的句子,“我相信你会成功”,I believe you can make it.如果借助句型就是:What I strongly believe is that you can make it .再进一步,What I strongly believe is that you will not fail to make it.这样借助结构和词汇的变化,结构亮点就很明显了。 三、适时使用虚拟语气,表达效果回味无穷
虚拟语气是很多同学望而生畏的语法点,不要说应用于写作当中了,就是平时见到一个虚拟语气的句子,也是心生畏惧。其实虚拟语气如果用得合适,可以很好地提升写作效果。例如:I completed the project because of your help.可改写为I would not have completed the project if you had not helped me / but for your help.读起来感激之情更强烈一些。
下面是关于境外旅游的游客素质问题的一个段落:What would happen if someone were to dispose litter in a public place in Norway ? It would stir public anger and people would look at you strangely as if you were an alien from outer space. At the same time, someone would quietly pick it up for you. But what will happen if you dispose litter in a public place in China. 读到最后一句,让人感觉既惭愧又沉重,因为前面的叙述用虚拟语气在告诉我们挪威人是不可能在公共场所乱扔垃圾的,或者说这种现象在作者看来是极少发生的。然而最后的语句用了陈述语气,笔者想表达什么不言自明。文章能营造出让人回味的感觉得益于作者对虚拟语气和陈述语气能形成对比的灵活驾驭的能力。所以虚拟语气的学习不应该以应试为目标,去背几条语法规则,而应该让学生充分理解它的用途,体会它的内涵,真正的学以致用才对。
最后看一篇学生写的关于李小龙的作文,看看用以上所学的三种语法点可以带来什么样的效果。
原文:Bruce Lee was a famous movie star and Kong Fu master. He was born in 1940 in America and spent his childhood in Hong Kong. He learned Kong Fu at an early age there and he won many competitions in his later life. He starred in five movies before he died at the age of 33. His life had a deep influence on the film industry. People around the world were impressed by his skills. The only pity is that he died young. It is said that today’s Kong Fu stars like Jacky Chen and Jet Lee imitated him and learned a lot from him.
修改后:Bruce Lee, who was born in 1940 in America, was a famous movie star and Kong Fu master. He spent his childhood in Hong Kong, where he learned Kong Fu at an early age and he won many competitions in his later life. He only starred in five movies before he died at the age of 33. But what impressed us most is that he alone had and still has a great influence on the movie industry and even the whole world .The only pity is that he died young. Can you imagine what the world would be like if he had not died? It would be a nightmare for Jacky Chen and Jet Lee ,because nobody would like them if Bruce were still alive.
经过对比可以看到,原本平淡的简单句稍加修改就变成了复合句,虚拟语气的使用也使得文章变得更有趣,文章的亮点自然多了起来。
以上就是我对这三个语法点应用于写作时的一点思考,并且在我所教授的班级中进行着教学实践,已经取得了较好的教学效果。学生对写作的热情比以前更高,在面对一个句子时更愿意去斟酌、体会、修改。他们发现原来自己完全可以写出正确并且有亮点的句子。所以我们在教授某些语法难点的时候,如果换一个角度切入,少做些选择题,多在写作中运用所学的语法点,学生不但可以掌握这些知识还可以提升他们的写作能力。
最重要的是他们会更自信地面对学习,让一个个难点变成亮点,就好像一块块坚硬的顽石,在打磨它们之后你会发现,那些其实是一颗颗璀璨的宝石。这样我们的教学效果就能靠近并达到课标对学生能力的要求,让学生形成用英语进行思维和表达的能力,也让我们的语言学习更加灵动。
以下我将用名词性从句,定语从句和虚拟语气这三个语法点,浅析如何让它们规范正确地应用于写作,让学生进一步掌握这些语法点,使语言学习更加灵动。
一、规范使用定语从句,表意简明又准确
英语写作很重视复杂句式的运用,而句子的复杂变化主要来自于从句的运用,但是,如果刻意的让句子看起来复杂,有的时候反而会画蛇添足;而有些学生在使用定语从句时,不分类型使用,结果就会产生歧义。下面看两个考生的句子:
例1. The lady who is old is looking after the baby who is sleeping.这句子其实就是:The old lady is looking after the sleeping baby.前句虽然是语法上正确的限定性定语从句,却还不如简单句读着舒服。
例2.中文是“老人有两个儿子,他们都是军人”,翻译为:The old man has two sons who are soldiers.这句话因为一个标点而产生了歧义,让我们误以为,老人可能还有别的不是军人的儿子,所以这句话正确的写法应该是:The old man has two sons , who are soldiers.
学生不能规范使用定语从句源于我们对于语法教学在应试方面的过度强化,过于针对语法题或单选题进行训练,忽视了课标中对语言运用能力的要求。定语从句是写作中的常见句型,但是如何使用是有讲究的。一般来讲限定性定语从句是被修饰词的定语较复杂时使用的,即当定语已经不能由单个或多个形容词或短语能够表达,而必须由句子才能表达清楚时使用。而非限定性定语从句的使用主要是补充说明,使用前提是,认可前半句的意思已经完整,于是后半句再补充一些内容。在具体写作时我们可以多做些针对定语从句的场景练习。
例如:I live in Hami . It is famous for the fruits here. It is located in Xinjiang province.注意三个划线部分指的是同一个名词,于是这样的句子完全具备使用定语从句的条件,并且根据其意思的完整性,倾向于使用非限定性定语从句,即:I live in Hami ,which is famous for the fruits here, located in Xinjiang province.能力强些的学生可以改成:Hami ,where I live ,a small city in Xinjiang province ,is famous for the fruits here.这样简单句变复合句,句子有了层次感,主题更突出了。
二、恰当使用名词性从句,写作处处有亮点
当我们在复习名词性从句时,我们还是习惯性地按照从句的语法类型(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)来进行讲解,尽管难点、重点面面俱到,但更多是为了应对单选题。而在学生的写作中,名词性从句出现率虽然高,却很单调,主要是某些宾语从句和主语从句,例如:I think that , I believe that, I don’t know…或者It is important that , It is said that等等。这些从句结构太过平凡,适合初中生使用。在高中的英语写作中,它们是不会成为亮点的。
学生写作时脑海中如果只有各种从句的语法分类和琐碎的语法点的话,他们就无法用英语灵活地表达他们的想法。所以我认为当某些名词性从句被应用于写作时,不应按照语法类型来介入,而应按照用途介入,效果会好一些。下面我简单介绍两个名词性从句。
首先是关于what引导从句的恰当使用。在写作时学生常会遇到不会的生词,例如翻译:我永远不会忘记爸爸教给我的道理。学生想翻译,却发现“道理”这个词没学过,如果去查词典,就会查到arguments; principle; reason; truth这几个词,放到句子里感觉总是怪怪的,这时如果用what 引导的句子就很好解决了。这个句子可以写成:I will never forget what my father taught me.既表达出了想表达的意思,又避免了用词别扭的尴尬。可以看出,what引导的名词性从句有着明显的翻译特点,经常译为:“……的东西,……的话语,……的事情”等等。
此外,在课本必修三Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars的Reading 中,有两个句子用了同一个很好的结构,第一句: What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down ,water began to appear on its surface. 第二句:What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into oceans and seas.这两句话都用了What 引导的主语从句及一个That引导的表语从句,起到了很好的效果。这个嵌套结构可以让一些平凡的句子更有亮点。例如,翻译一个很简单的激励性的句子,“我相信你会成功”,I believe you can make it.如果借助句型就是:What I strongly believe is that you can make it .再进一步,What I strongly believe is that you will not fail to make it.这样借助结构和词汇的变化,结构亮点就很明显了。 三、适时使用虚拟语气,表达效果回味无穷
虚拟语气是很多同学望而生畏的语法点,不要说应用于写作当中了,就是平时见到一个虚拟语气的句子,也是心生畏惧。其实虚拟语气如果用得合适,可以很好地提升写作效果。例如:I completed the project because of your help.可改写为I would not have completed the project if you had not helped me / but for your help.读起来感激之情更强烈一些。
下面是关于境外旅游的游客素质问题的一个段落:What would happen if someone were to dispose litter in a public place in Norway ? It would stir public anger and people would look at you strangely as if you were an alien from outer space. At the same time, someone would quietly pick it up for you. But what will happen if you dispose litter in a public place in China. 读到最后一句,让人感觉既惭愧又沉重,因为前面的叙述用虚拟语气在告诉我们挪威人是不可能在公共场所乱扔垃圾的,或者说这种现象在作者看来是极少发生的。然而最后的语句用了陈述语气,笔者想表达什么不言自明。文章能营造出让人回味的感觉得益于作者对虚拟语气和陈述语气能形成对比的灵活驾驭的能力。所以虚拟语气的学习不应该以应试为目标,去背几条语法规则,而应该让学生充分理解它的用途,体会它的内涵,真正的学以致用才对。
最后看一篇学生写的关于李小龙的作文,看看用以上所学的三种语法点可以带来什么样的效果。
原文:Bruce Lee was a famous movie star and Kong Fu master. He was born in 1940 in America and spent his childhood in Hong Kong. He learned Kong Fu at an early age there and he won many competitions in his later life. He starred in five movies before he died at the age of 33. His life had a deep influence on the film industry. People around the world were impressed by his skills. The only pity is that he died young. It is said that today’s Kong Fu stars like Jacky Chen and Jet Lee imitated him and learned a lot from him.
修改后:Bruce Lee, who was born in 1940 in America, was a famous movie star and Kong Fu master. He spent his childhood in Hong Kong, where he learned Kong Fu at an early age and he won many competitions in his later life. He only starred in five movies before he died at the age of 33. But what impressed us most is that he alone had and still has a great influence on the movie industry and even the whole world .The only pity is that he died young. Can you imagine what the world would be like if he had not died? It would be a nightmare for Jacky Chen and Jet Lee ,because nobody would like them if Bruce were still alive.
经过对比可以看到,原本平淡的简单句稍加修改就变成了复合句,虚拟语气的使用也使得文章变得更有趣,文章的亮点自然多了起来。
以上就是我对这三个语法点应用于写作时的一点思考,并且在我所教授的班级中进行着教学实践,已经取得了较好的教学效果。学生对写作的热情比以前更高,在面对一个句子时更愿意去斟酌、体会、修改。他们发现原来自己完全可以写出正确并且有亮点的句子。所以我们在教授某些语法难点的时候,如果换一个角度切入,少做些选择题,多在写作中运用所学的语法点,学生不但可以掌握这些知识还可以提升他们的写作能力。
最重要的是他们会更自信地面对学习,让一个个难点变成亮点,就好像一块块坚硬的顽石,在打磨它们之后你会发现,那些其实是一颗颗璀璨的宝石。这样我们的教学效果就能靠近并达到课标对学生能力的要求,让学生形成用英语进行思维和表达的能力,也让我们的语言学习更加灵动。