由于心脏本身和心外原因,致心衰症状严重、顽固、持续存在,经一般休息、限盐、强心、利尿等常规抗心衰治疗无效者称难治性心力衰竭(Refractory heart failure,RHF)。近年来,随着心肌超微结构、心肌细胞代谢、心肌收缩机理以及血液动力学研究的进展;血管扩张剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的临床应用;机械循环与心脏手术的飞速进步,为RHF的 Due to the heart itself and extra-cardiac causes, heart failure caused by serious, stubborn, persistent existence of general rest, salt restriction, cardiac, diuretic and other conventional anti-heart failure treatment refractory heart failure (Refractory heart failure, RHF ). In recent years, with the myocardial ultrastructure, myocardial cell metabolism, myocardial contractility mechanism and progress of hemodynamic studies; vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors clinical application; mechanical circulation and rapid progress of cardiac surgery, as RHF’s