论文部分内容阅读
生态类题材，一直是高考阅读考查的重点，毕竟“绿水青山就是金山银山”。而当看到今年高考阅读题时，我立刻联想到2014年的阅读题，因为这两篇阅读题的相似度太高了。下面我就文章的内容，出题的方向两个方面来说明它们为何是相似的。
第一组：动物数量减少—原因—措施
2021年新高考Ⅰ卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately， it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing — populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（棲息地）
In 1934， with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act（Act），an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act， all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding”Darling， a political cartoonist from Des Moines， Iowa， who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America？
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
B. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word“decimate”mean in the first paragraph？
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
（keys：28. A 29. C 30. D）
2014年全國Ⅰ卷B篇
Passenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons — a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller， a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles（about 515 kilometers）long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly， the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant， people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain， waited until pigeons had settled to feed， then threw large nets over them， taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century， the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’need for wood， which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north， where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone， never to be seen again.
In 1897， the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons， but by then， no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County， Ohio， in 1900. For a time， a few birds survived under human care. The last of them， known affectionately as Martha， died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1， 1914.
25. The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons’______.
A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution
26. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons？
A. To seek pleasure. B. To save other birds.
C. To make money. D. To protect crops.
27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan？
A. It was ignored by the public.
B. It was declared too late.
C. It was unfair.
D. It was strict.
（keys：25. B 26. C 27. B）
對比分析
2021年的题目，文章告诉读者，原本的北美大陆，野生动植物种类繁多，但却因为人类的商业活动、栖息地减少（人类填地建房）等原因，数量迅速下降。自1934年开始，国家立法，通过售卖联邦鸭邮票，再将资金用于购买候鸟栖息地，从而达到保护野生动植物的目的。 2014年的题目，文章描述的是18至19世纪旅鸽数目庞大，但因为人类商业活动、动物栖息地减少（人类砍伐树木）等原因导致数目剧减。1897年政府试图通过立法来禁止捕杀旅鸽，可惜为时已晚。
从文章内容来看，都讲述了动物数目由多变少，以及发生的原因（多是因为人类捕杀，侵占栖息地等），最后是讲政府层面的保护生态的措施。不同的是，2014年的考题大多数笔墨是描述动物数目从多到少，但因为立法太晚，补救措施效果不理想，所以只有最后一段提及。而今年的高考题，因为当地政府及时介入，效果明显，更多的笔墨是用于介绍说明这一点。即使如此，文章写作的思路大同小异，相似度还是很高的。
至于出题的方向，两篇阅读题都考查了动物数目减少的原因，2021年是28题，2014年则是26题。而且文章中提及动物数量减少的原因都不止一个，但都是与人类相关——或是捕杀，用于买卖，或是破坏栖息地等。考生需要甄别、进行语义转换后才能找出答案。
都有一道猜测划线词的意思，又非常相似的：decimate—destroy， undoing - ruin，都是考查学生能否从上下文推断出动物受到的伤害。
最后都考查了法律、法案的作用或效果。两篇文章因为选材、行文思路的相似，所以出题的方向也就非常接近了。
以上是生态类阅读题的考题方向之一，与此同时，历年高考真题还有如下的考查方向，我还是尝试从文章构成和考题方向进行分析。
第二组：恢复生态平衡
2020年全国Ⅱ卷C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list， fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（時装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）.
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have （showcased）nutria fur made into clothes in different styles.“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur — unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”， says Cree McCree， project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species（物种）. It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.”says Michael Massimi， an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green， but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300，000 nutria tails a year， so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing， at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn？
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria？
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word“collapsed”in paragraph 5 probably mean？
A. Boomed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed. 31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan？
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
（keys：28. A 29. A 30. D 31. B）
2017年全国Ⅲ卷C篇
After years of heated debate， gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year， the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States， but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s， wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada， where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources（來源）for the wolf–grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes， and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966， biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today， the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk， deer， and coyote populations are down， while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about？
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean？
A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？
A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
（keys：28. D 29. C 30. A 31. B）
第一篇閱读因为海狸鼠数目剧增，破坏生态系统，于是相关人员希望通过制作海狸鼠皮草的方法来减少海狸鼠数目，达到生态平衡的目的。第二篇阅读则是黄石公园通过引入灰狼，以达到恢复当地生态平衡的目的。
两篇首段提出的“穿皮草”、“引狼入园”都是有争议性，引发考生思考：既然有争议性，是否还要坚持？
接下去的篇幅则是追溯历史：海狸鼠是因为皮草生意被引入，但后期因为市场销量不佳，海狸鼠数目剧增，破坏当地生态。于是人们希望通过卖皮草的方法解决生态问题。同样的，因为人类发展，灰狼被迫离开黄石公园，导致当地生态系统失衡。所以相关人员希望通过重新引入灰狼的方式来重建生态平衡。
文章的写作意图、思路几乎一致，提出争议问题，追溯原因及导致后果，提出解决办法。那考题的思路呢？
每一篇的第一题，28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn和28. What is the text mainly about？均考查学生是否读懂了争议的问题。
均有一题与动物数目变化而导致生态被破坏（Why are scientists concerned about nutria，What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？），考查学生是否读懂原因。
至于猜词题，可以说是巧合，但collapse， displace所考两个词均与动物数目变化的原因相关——利用上下文推断，collapse一词是指皮草生意下滑，displace则是因为灰狼被逼离开黄石公园。考查学生是否读懂导致的后果。
最后均有一题是情感态度题。这样推敲，不管是文章的组织方式，还是出题的方向，都是非常相似的。
小结：
1. 生态类文章，其文章结构一般是：提出问题——分析原因——解决办法三步走。
2. 野生动植物濒危的原因：被捕杀，栖息地减少、污染等。相关的英语表达学生应有所积累。
3. 解决措施的效果和态度因时、地等因素而异，考试时应认真思考，作出判断。
责任编辑 蒋小青
第一组：动物数量减少—原因—措施
2021年新高考Ⅰ卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately， it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing — populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（棲息地）
In 1934， with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act（Act），an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act， all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding”Darling， a political cartoonist from Des Moines， Iowa， who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America？
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
B. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word“decimate”mean in the first paragraph？
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
（keys：28. A 29. C 30. D）
2014年全國Ⅰ卷B篇
Passenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons — a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller， a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles（about 515 kilometers）long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly， the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant， people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain， waited until pigeons had settled to feed， then threw large nets over them， taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century， the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’need for wood， which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north， where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone， never to be seen again.
In 1897， the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons， but by then， no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County， Ohio， in 1900. For a time， a few birds survived under human care. The last of them， known affectionately as Martha， died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1， 1914.
25. The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons’______.
A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution
26. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons？
A. To seek pleasure. B. To save other birds.
C. To make money. D. To protect crops.
27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan？
A. It was ignored by the public.
B. It was declared too late.
C. It was unfair.
D. It was strict.
（keys：25. B 26. C 27. B）
對比分析
2021年的题目，文章告诉读者，原本的北美大陆，野生动植物种类繁多，但却因为人类的商业活动、栖息地减少（人类填地建房）等原因，数量迅速下降。自1934年开始，国家立法，通过售卖联邦鸭邮票，再将资金用于购买候鸟栖息地，从而达到保护野生动植物的目的。 2014年的题目，文章描述的是18至19世纪旅鸽数目庞大，但因为人类商业活动、动物栖息地减少（人类砍伐树木）等原因导致数目剧减。1897年政府试图通过立法来禁止捕杀旅鸽，可惜为时已晚。
从文章内容来看，都讲述了动物数目由多变少，以及发生的原因（多是因为人类捕杀，侵占栖息地等），最后是讲政府层面的保护生态的措施。不同的是，2014年的考题大多数笔墨是描述动物数目从多到少，但因为立法太晚，补救措施效果不理想，所以只有最后一段提及。而今年的高考题，因为当地政府及时介入，效果明显，更多的笔墨是用于介绍说明这一点。即使如此，文章写作的思路大同小异，相似度还是很高的。
至于出题的方向，两篇阅读题都考查了动物数目减少的原因，2021年是28题，2014年则是26题。而且文章中提及动物数量减少的原因都不止一个，但都是与人类相关——或是捕杀，用于买卖，或是破坏栖息地等。考生需要甄别、进行语义转换后才能找出答案。
都有一道猜测划线词的意思，又非常相似的：decimate—destroy， undoing - ruin，都是考查学生能否从上下文推断出动物受到的伤害。
最后都考查了法律、法案的作用或效果。两篇文章因为选材、行文思路的相似，所以出题的方向也就非常接近了。
以上是生态类阅读题的考题方向之一，与此同时，历年高考真题还有如下的考查方向，我还是尝试从文章构成和考题方向进行分析。
第二组：恢复生态平衡
2020年全国Ⅱ卷C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list， fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（時装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）.
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have （showcased）nutria fur made into clothes in different styles.“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur — unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”， says Cree McCree， project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species（物种）. It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.”says Michael Massimi， an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green， but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300，000 nutria tails a year， so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing， at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn？
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria？
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word“collapsed”in paragraph 5 probably mean？
A. Boomed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed. 31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan？
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
（keys：28. A 29. A 30. D 31. B）
2017年全国Ⅲ卷C篇
After years of heated debate， gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year， the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States， but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s， wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada， where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources（來源）for the wolf–grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes， and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966， biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today， the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk， deer， and coyote populations are down， while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about？
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean？
A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？
A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
（keys：28. D 29. C 30. A 31. B）
第一篇閱读因为海狸鼠数目剧增，破坏生态系统，于是相关人员希望通过制作海狸鼠皮草的方法来减少海狸鼠数目，达到生态平衡的目的。第二篇阅读则是黄石公园通过引入灰狼，以达到恢复当地生态平衡的目的。
两篇首段提出的“穿皮草”、“引狼入园”都是有争议性，引发考生思考：既然有争议性，是否还要坚持？
接下去的篇幅则是追溯历史：海狸鼠是因为皮草生意被引入，但后期因为市场销量不佳，海狸鼠数目剧增，破坏当地生态。于是人们希望通过卖皮草的方法解决生态问题。同样的，因为人类发展，灰狼被迫离开黄石公园，导致当地生态系统失衡。所以相关人员希望通过重新引入灰狼的方式来重建生态平衡。
文章的写作意图、思路几乎一致，提出争议问题，追溯原因及导致后果，提出解决办法。那考题的思路呢？
每一篇的第一题，28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn和28. What is the text mainly about？均考查学生是否读懂了争议的问题。
均有一题与动物数目变化而导致生态被破坏（Why are scientists concerned about nutria，What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？），考查学生是否读懂原因。
至于猜词题，可以说是巧合，但collapse， displace所考两个词均与动物数目变化的原因相关——利用上下文推断，collapse一词是指皮草生意下滑，displace则是因为灰狼被逼离开黄石公园。考查学生是否读懂导致的后果。
最后均有一题是情感态度题。这样推敲，不管是文章的组织方式，还是出题的方向，都是非常相似的。
小结：
1. 生态类文章，其文章结构一般是：提出问题——分析原因——解决办法三步走。
2. 野生动植物濒危的原因：被捕杀，栖息地减少、污染等。相关的英语表达学生应有所积累。
3. 解决措施的效果和态度因时、地等因素而异，考试时应认真思考，作出判断。
责任编辑 蒋小青