论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】定语从句作为汉语语法中没有的项目,对于我们中国的学生来说有一定的难度,其实,它就相当于古汉语中的定语后置。因此,学习定语从句首先要让学生明白什么是定语从句。
【关键词】定语从句;语法
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词有关系代词who, whom, which, that, whose和关系副词when, where, why。如:
The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
住在我们隔壁的那个人是卖蔬菜的。(其中,The man就是先行词,who是关系代词。)
You must do everything that I do.
我做什么,你就必须做什么。(其中everything是先行词,that是关系代词。)
在这里,我就定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词的使用谈一下自己在教学中的一些体会和做法。
Ⅰ. 由关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 当先行词是人时,关系代词用who whom或that,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。在口语中可用who代替whom。做主语时,其含义,人称,数与先行词一致,做宾语时可以省略。
eg: The girl who /that had lunch with me yesterday is my girl friend.
昨天与我共进午餐的那个女孩是我的女朋友。(关系代词做主语,不可省略)
The woman (whom/who/that) you saw in my room yesterday is my mother.
昨天你在我房间里看到的那个妇女是我的母亲。(关系代词做saw的宾语,可以省略)
2.当先行词是事物时,关系代词用which或that,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做主语时,其含义,人称,数与先行词一致,做宾语时可以省略。
eg: The book (that/which) I am reading is very interesting.
我正在看的这本书非常有趣。(关系代词做reading的宾语,可以省略)
The ball which/that is green is under the tree.
那个绿色的球在树下面。(关系代词做主语,不可省略,而且谓语动词与先行词一致。)
3.定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句的标志是,在定语从句前有逗号把先行词和定语从句分开,而在非限制性定语从句中,只用who, whom, which引导,而不用that引导。
eg: The man, who lives in the apartment, is an actor.
那个人是个演员,他住在这座单元楼里。
The dog, which likes playing football very much, is funny.那条狗非常有意思,它喜欢玩足球。
The boy, whom I talked with just now, is a good student.那个男孩,刚才跟我说话的那个,是一个好学生。
以上定语从句中的关系代词均不可使用that。
4,在限制性定语从句中that的特殊用法。
1)先行词是指人的不定代词,如one, ones, none, anyone, somebody, those时,关系代词只能用who, whom而不能用that。
eg: Those who want to go abroad on holiday have to come to this office and fill in the forms.
打算去国外度假的人请到办公室填表。
Anyone who likes English should read this book.
任何一个喜欢英语的人都应该读这本书。
2)先行词是指事物的不定代词,如all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, one, much, little等, 或先行词是被上列不定代词或the last, the very, the only, the same等词修飾限制的指事物的名词时,关系代词只能用that,不可用which。
eg: We know nothing that happened here that day.
我们对那天发生在这里的事一无所知。
The only thing that he must do is to clean the bedroom.
他必须做的唯一的一件事是打扫卧室。
3)先行词是指物并且被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词只能用that,而不用which。
eg: I will never forget the first gift that my grandmother gave me many years ago.
我永远不会忘记许多年前祖母送给我的第一份礼物。
This is the best choice that I can make.这是我能做的最好的选择。
4)先行词中既有人又有物时。
Peter and his car that disappeared mysteriously in London in 1987 appeared mysteriously in New York in 1993.彼得和他的小轿车1987年在伦敦神秘地失踪,后来于1993年又神秘地出现在纽约。
eg: We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.
我们访问过的老师和参观过的学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。
5)先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
eg: This is a dictionary that will help you a lot.
这是本对你很有帮助的字典。
Don't cheat me. I'm no longer the boy that I was three years ago.别骗我了,我再也不是三年前的我了。
5. whose是关系代词的所有格,既可指人的,又可指物的,在定语从句中做定语,指人或物时相当于of whom/which.
eg: The man whose hair is black works in a big company.
头发是黑色的那个人在一家大公司上班。
The door whose color is green is made of wood.
那扇绿色的门是木头做的。
6.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
1)关系代词在定语从句中既可作动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语,当介词和关系代词连用放在关系代词前时,即介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,关系代词只能用whom(先行词是人),或which(先行词是事物),不可用that。
eg: The man to whom I talked just now is a famous actor.
刚才我和他谈话的那个人是一个著名的演员。
In the reading room there is a book from which we can know a lot of interesting stories.在阅览室里有一本你可以从中知道许多有趣故事的书。
但介词不和关系代词连用,不放在关系代词前时,不受此限制。
eg: The man who/that/whom I talked to just now is a famous actor.
另外,含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍然放在动词后面,关系代词亦不受限制。
eg: Is this the watch which/that he is looking for?
这就是他正在寻找的那本书吗?
The old lady whom/who/that the nurse is looking after is better now.
護士正在照顾的那个老太太现在好多了。
2) 关系代词whose还可以在定语从句中与它所修饰的词一起做介词宾语。
eg: The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.
我父亲工作的那家公司的老板是一个和蔼的人。
Ⅱ. 由关系代词引导的定语从句
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
1. where指地点,在定语从句中作状语,相当于prep.+which。例如:
eg: This is the workshop where(=in which) I work.
这是我工作的车间。
A booking office is a place where(=in which) tickets are sold.
售票处就是卖票的地方。
2.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:
eg: He came at a time when we needed help.
他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来到了。
3.why指原因、理由,在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:
eg: The reason why he changed his mind is not clear.
他改变主意的原因尚不清楚。
【关键词】定语从句;语法
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词有关系代词who, whom, which, that, whose和关系副词when, where, why。如:
The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
住在我们隔壁的那个人是卖蔬菜的。(其中,The man就是先行词,who是关系代词。)
You must do everything that I do.
我做什么,你就必须做什么。(其中everything是先行词,that是关系代词。)
在这里,我就定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词的使用谈一下自己在教学中的一些体会和做法。
Ⅰ. 由关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 当先行词是人时,关系代词用who whom或that,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。在口语中可用who代替whom。做主语时,其含义,人称,数与先行词一致,做宾语时可以省略。
eg: The girl who /that had lunch with me yesterday is my girl friend.
昨天与我共进午餐的那个女孩是我的女朋友。(关系代词做主语,不可省略)
The woman (whom/who/that) you saw in my room yesterday is my mother.
昨天你在我房间里看到的那个妇女是我的母亲。(关系代词做saw的宾语,可以省略)
2.当先行词是事物时,关系代词用which或that,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做主语时,其含义,人称,数与先行词一致,做宾语时可以省略。
eg: The book (that/which) I am reading is very interesting.
我正在看的这本书非常有趣。(关系代词做reading的宾语,可以省略)
The ball which/that is green is under the tree.
那个绿色的球在树下面。(关系代词做主语,不可省略,而且谓语动词与先行词一致。)
3.定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句的标志是,在定语从句前有逗号把先行词和定语从句分开,而在非限制性定语从句中,只用who, whom, which引导,而不用that引导。
eg: The man, who lives in the apartment, is an actor.
那个人是个演员,他住在这座单元楼里。
The dog, which likes playing football very much, is funny.那条狗非常有意思,它喜欢玩足球。
The boy, whom I talked with just now, is a good student.那个男孩,刚才跟我说话的那个,是一个好学生。
以上定语从句中的关系代词均不可使用that。
4,在限制性定语从句中that的特殊用法。
1)先行词是指人的不定代词,如one, ones, none, anyone, somebody, those时,关系代词只能用who, whom而不能用that。
eg: Those who want to go abroad on holiday have to come to this office and fill in the forms.
打算去国外度假的人请到办公室填表。
Anyone who likes English should read this book.
任何一个喜欢英语的人都应该读这本书。
2)先行词是指事物的不定代词,如all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, one, much, little等, 或先行词是被上列不定代词或the last, the very, the only, the same等词修飾限制的指事物的名词时,关系代词只能用that,不可用which。
eg: We know nothing that happened here that day.
我们对那天发生在这里的事一无所知。
The only thing that he must do is to clean the bedroom.
他必须做的唯一的一件事是打扫卧室。
3)先行词是指物并且被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词只能用that,而不用which。
eg: I will never forget the first gift that my grandmother gave me many years ago.
我永远不会忘记许多年前祖母送给我的第一份礼物。
This is the best choice that I can make.这是我能做的最好的选择。
4)先行词中既有人又有物时。
Peter and his car that disappeared mysteriously in London in 1987 appeared mysteriously in New York in 1993.彼得和他的小轿车1987年在伦敦神秘地失踪,后来于1993年又神秘地出现在纽约。
eg: We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.
我们访问过的老师和参观过的学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。
5)先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
eg: This is a dictionary that will help you a lot.
这是本对你很有帮助的字典。
Don't cheat me. I'm no longer the boy that I was three years ago.别骗我了,我再也不是三年前的我了。
5. whose是关系代词的所有格,既可指人的,又可指物的,在定语从句中做定语,指人或物时相当于of whom/which.
eg: The man whose hair is black works in a big company.
头发是黑色的那个人在一家大公司上班。
The door whose color is green is made of wood.
那扇绿色的门是木头做的。
6.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
1)关系代词在定语从句中既可作动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语,当介词和关系代词连用放在关系代词前时,即介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,关系代词只能用whom(先行词是人),或which(先行词是事物),不可用that。
eg: The man to whom I talked just now is a famous actor.
刚才我和他谈话的那个人是一个著名的演员。
In the reading room there is a book from which we can know a lot of interesting stories.在阅览室里有一本你可以从中知道许多有趣故事的书。
但介词不和关系代词连用,不放在关系代词前时,不受此限制。
eg: The man who/that/whom I talked to just now is a famous actor.
另外,含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍然放在动词后面,关系代词亦不受限制。
eg: Is this the watch which/that he is looking for?
这就是他正在寻找的那本书吗?
The old lady whom/who/that the nurse is looking after is better now.
護士正在照顾的那个老太太现在好多了。
2) 关系代词whose还可以在定语从句中与它所修饰的词一起做介词宾语。
eg: The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.
我父亲工作的那家公司的老板是一个和蔼的人。
Ⅱ. 由关系代词引导的定语从句
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
1. where指地点,在定语从句中作状语,相当于prep.+which。例如:
eg: This is the workshop where(=in which) I work.
这是我工作的车间。
A booking office is a place where(=in which) tickets are sold.
售票处就是卖票的地方。
2.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:
eg: He came at a time when we needed help.
他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来到了。
3.why指原因、理由,在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:
eg: The reason why he changed his mind is not clear.
他改变主意的原因尚不清楚。