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天然地基是最常用的房屋地基。在設計天然地基中,關鍵問題在於決定地基的承載力(許可壓力)。在一般情形房屋天然地基的承載力可以根據蘇聯重工業企業建設部1948年批准之“工業及民用房屋及構築物天然地基设计標準及技術規範”來決定。但是在某些情形下(上述規範第22條所列舉的情形),地基的承載力必须根據建築物的特殊要求和特殊的地質及其他條件單獨決定。在這些情形下,需要驗算地基土的应力和應變。本文的目的在於說明根據地基土的应力和应變決定房屋天然地基的承載力的一般步驟。顯然地,地基能安全承受的荷載只能是地基極限荷載除以適當的安全係數。本文介紹若干個地基極限荷載的計算公式,並指出它們的適用條件。對於普通房屋地基,土内某種程度的塑性變形是可以許可的,但是随房屋重要性不同和地基土的性質(例如敏感度)不同,地基土內的塑性變形必須加以不同程度的限制。本文對於長條基礎下地基土內塑性變形的發生和發展提供了簡要的討論,在大多數情形下,決定地基承載力的主要條件是沉降必須限制在適當的數值(許可沉降)以內,房屋基礎的許可沉降与房屋的使用目的,建築材料,結構類型等許多因素有關。這一方面的資料還是很缺乏的。本文介紹一些数字,作為設計的一般參考。為說明地基極限荷載及塑性變形區各?
Natural foundations are the most commonly used foundations for houses. In designing natural foundations, the key issue is determining the bearing capacity of the foundation (permissive pressure). In general, the bearing capacity of the natural foundation of a house can be determined based on the “Natural Design Standards and Technical Specifications for Industrial and Civil Buildings and Structures” issued by the Ministry of Construction of Soviet Heavy Industry Enterprises in 1948. However, under certain circumstances (the situation listed in Article 22 of the above-mentioned code), the bearing capacity of the foundation must be determined separately according to the special requirements of the building and the special geological and other conditions. In these situations, the stress and strain of the foundation soil need to be checked. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the general steps that determine the bearing capacity of the natural foundation of a house based on the stress and strain of the foundation soil. Obviously, the load that the foundation can safely bear can only be the ultimate load of the foundation divided by an appropriate safety factor. This paper introduces several formulas for calculating the ultimate load of the foundation and points out their applicable conditions. For the ordinary building foundations, some degree of plastic deformation within the soil is permissible, but with the different importance of the building and the nature of the foundation soil (such as sensitivity), the plastic deformation within the foundation soil must be restricted to varying degrees. This paper provides a brief discussion of the occurrence and development of plastic deformation in foundation soil under a long foundation. In most cases, the main condition for determining the foundation bearing capacity is that the settlement must be limited to appropriate values (permissible settlement) within the housing foundation. The permit settlement is related to many factors such as the purpose of use of the house, building materials, and the type of structure. The information in this area is still very lacking. This article describes some of the numbers as a general reference for the design. To illustrate the ultimate load and plastic deformation zone of the foundation?