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摘 要: 英语中有很多限定词,当几个限定词同时限定一个名词时,它们有一定的顺序要求。本文首先阐述了限定词的定义,其次指出了按限定词修饰名词的位置,主要分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词,最后就前位、中位、后位限定词的搭配顺序要求进行了阐述。
关键词: 英语教学 限定词 搭配顺序
在英语学习中,有些同学经常对某些限定词的顺序问题感到困惑。比如到底应该说There is no such a thing as ghost.还是There is no such thing as a ghost.是During such one discussion正确,还是During one such discussion正确。这主要是对前位中位后位限定词的排列顺序了解不够透彻造成的。
1.限定词的界定
限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指,以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义,是特指,即特指的对象,还是类指,即泛指一类人或物;是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量。能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词(章振邦)。英语中限定词主要有:
定冠词(Definite article)the;
不定冠词(Indefinite article)a,an;
零冠词(Zero article);
物主限定词(Possessive determine)your,my,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its;
名词属格(Genitive noun)Tom’s,my father’s;
指示限定词(Demonstrative determiner)this,that,these,those,such;
关系限定词(Relative determiner)which,whose;
疑问限定词(Interrogative determiner)what,whose,which;
不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)some,any,no,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another;
倍数词(Multiplicative numeral)twice,three times,double,etc;
分数词(Fractional numeral)one third,three fifths,etc;
基数词(Cardinal numeral)one,two,three,etc;
序数词(Ordinal numeral)first,second,third,etc;
量词(Quantifier)lots of,a lot of,plenty of,a great of,a good deal of,a large of,a small amount of,a quantity of,a great of,a good number of,etc.
2.限定词的分类:前位、中位、后位
按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为:
前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)。
(1)前位限定词包括:
①不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)all,both,half;
②倍数词(Multiplicative numeral)double,twice,three times,etc;
③分数词(Fractional numeral)one-third,two-fifths,etc;
④what,such,(a/an),etc.
(2)中位限定词包括:
①定冠词(Definite article)the;
②不定冠词(Indefinite article)a,an;
③零冠词(Zero article);
④指示限定词(Demonstrative determiner)this,that,these,those;
⑤物主限定詞(Possessive determiner)my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its;
⑥名词属格(Genitive noun)Tom’s,my father’s;
⑦不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;
⑧连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc。
(3)后位限定词包括:
①基数词(Cardinal numeral)one,two,three,etc;
②序数词(Ordinal numeral)first,second,third,etc;
③类序数词next,last,other,another,etc;
④量词(Quantifier)many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great/large/good number of,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of; ⑤such,etc.
3.限定词之间的搭配顺序:前 中 后
根据限定词在名词前的位置关系,即如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照前位词放在第一位,中位限定词放在第二位,接着是后位限定词,即按“前位—中位—后位”的顺序排列。例如:
All(前)the(中)five(后)boys were absent that day.
Half(前)his(中)four(后)balls are broken.
I will never forget all(前)these(中)last(后)few后days.
Those(中)last(后)few(后)hours in hospital was horrible.
Several(后)hundred(后)people were killed in that battle.
All(前)other(后)students helped the teacher.
Such(前)a(中)thing as stealing is an abomination.
例題:The factory has turned out?摇?摇 ?摇?摇.
A.twice TV sets this year more than last year
B.TV sets this year twice as many as last year
C.twice as many TV sets this year as last year
D.TV sets twice more this year than last year
答案应为C。Twice是前位限定词,many位后位限定词,应放在twice后,TV sets之前。
值得注意的是:
(1)前位限定词与前位限定词及一般是相互排斥的,不能同时放在一起。例如不能说;all half his books,half twice my income.
(2)中位限定词与中位限定词也是彼此排斥的,不能同时出现。例如不能说a his money,her that problem.
例题:?摇?摇 ?摇?摇is such a spitfire.
A. His that third brother B. His third that brother
C. That third brother of his D. That his third brother
答案应是C. his与that都是中位限定词,相互排斥,不能同时使用,应该使用双重属格。同样,我的所有的衣服,不能说成“all the my clothes”,应为“all the clothes of mine”.The和my都是中位限定词,应分开。
(3)后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。主要有以下几种顺序。
①序数词 基数词:序数词与基数词连用时,序数词在前,基数词居后。如:the first six months,the third five years;
②序数词 量词:如:during the first few years;
③类序数词 基数词:类序数词next,last,other,another与基数词连用时,类序数词在前,基数词居后。如:another three tasks,the last four years不是three another tasks,four last years;
④类序数词 量词:类序数词next,last,other,another与量词连用时,类序数词在前,量词居后。如:your next few questions;the other four people;
⑤such与其他后位限定词连用时,其他限定词在前,such居后。如;few such(things),many such(discussions),several such(boxes),four such(books),little such(interest),another such(stories)等。
4.“跨类”限定词
(1)such和a,an连用时,应放在a,an之前,属前位限定词。如:such a day,such an author等。但如果跟其他限定词(包括后位限定词)连用时,就总是处于最后位,要“跨类”,如:some such discussions,such必须放在some之后。有的语法书将such归入“跨类”限定词,即既属前位限定词,又属后位限定词。
例题:?摇?摇?摇 ?摇ghost exists in the world.That’s your illusion.
A.No such a thing as
B.No such a thing as a
C.No such thing as a
D.No such thing as
答案是C.such如果用在中位限定词A前就是一个前位限定词,如果与其他限定词连用则为后位限定词,所以不存在no such a的结构。
类似的情况还有:后位限定词many和中位限定词what也都能与中位限定词a,an搭配,并出现在它们的前面,如:What an idea!Many a chance has lost(=Many chances have lost).
(2)并非所有的后位限定词都能随意搭配,还须根据一定的含义与习惯使用。
例如little和few都不能单独与more连用,other不能单独用于基数词之前,但是,当前面出现中位限定词冠词或不定冠词时,就可以连用了,如:a little more(water,a few more(books),the other ten(boys)等。
(3)有时,还会出现前、中、后位限定词之问发生排斥的情况。例如前位限定词all就不能与中位及后位那些表示不定量含义的限定词搭配,中位的my,your等也不可与后位的more,less等并用,等等。当然,其他特殊情况还有,如half a(year),a half(year),two half(decades),这里的half一会儿前位,一会儿后位,甚至用在后位的后位。又如,在two first awards,three second prizes等搭配中,基数词又出现在序数词前面。
总之,在学习中应注意总结,牢记住前位、中位、后位限定词的分类。比如可以大致归纳一下,前位限定词主要有all,half,both(可归纳为表示范围);分数;倍数。中位限定词主要有表指定的词(this,the,my,Tom’s等);后位限定词主要有表示多少的词(two,three,many,lots of);还有表序数的词(second,third,fifth)等。另外要特别记住such是个“跨类”的词,既可以是前位限定词,又可以是后位限定词。这样在运用时就不会感到不知所措了。
参考文献:
[1]Quirk,R,etal,A Grammarof Contemporary English[M].London:Longman,1972.
[2]Quirk,Retal,A Comprehensive Grammar of Contemporary Language[M].London:Longman,1983.
[3]Palmer F.Grammar[M].Harmondsworth:Penguring Books Ltd,1971.
[4]章振帮,新编英语语法教程,上海外语教育出版社,1990.
关键词: 英语教学 限定词 搭配顺序
在英语学习中,有些同学经常对某些限定词的顺序问题感到困惑。比如到底应该说There is no such a thing as ghost.还是There is no such thing as a ghost.是During such one discussion正确,还是During one such discussion正确。这主要是对前位中位后位限定词的排列顺序了解不够透彻造成的。
1.限定词的界定
限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指,以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义,是特指,即特指的对象,还是类指,即泛指一类人或物;是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量。能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词(章振邦)。英语中限定词主要有:
定冠词(Definite article)the;
不定冠词(Indefinite article)a,an;
零冠词(Zero article);
物主限定词(Possessive determine)your,my,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its;
名词属格(Genitive noun)Tom’s,my father’s;
指示限定词(Demonstrative determiner)this,that,these,those,such;
关系限定词(Relative determiner)which,whose;
疑问限定词(Interrogative determiner)what,whose,which;
不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)some,any,no,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another;
倍数词(Multiplicative numeral)twice,three times,double,etc;
分数词(Fractional numeral)one third,three fifths,etc;
基数词(Cardinal numeral)one,two,three,etc;
序数词(Ordinal numeral)first,second,third,etc;
量词(Quantifier)lots of,a lot of,plenty of,a great of,a good deal of,a large of,a small amount of,a quantity of,a great of,a good number of,etc.
2.限定词的分类:前位、中位、后位
按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为:
前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)。
(1)前位限定词包括:
①不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)all,both,half;
②倍数词(Multiplicative numeral)double,twice,three times,etc;
③分数词(Fractional numeral)one-third,two-fifths,etc;
④what,such,(a/an),etc.
(2)中位限定词包括:
①定冠词(Definite article)the;
②不定冠词(Indefinite article)a,an;
③零冠词(Zero article);
④指示限定词(Demonstrative determiner)this,that,these,those;
⑤物主限定詞(Possessive determiner)my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its;
⑥名词属格(Genitive noun)Tom’s,my father’s;
⑦不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;
⑧连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc。
(3)后位限定词包括:
①基数词(Cardinal numeral)one,two,three,etc;
②序数词(Ordinal numeral)first,second,third,etc;
③类序数词next,last,other,another,etc;
④量词(Quantifier)many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great/large/good number of,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of; ⑤such,etc.
3.限定词之间的搭配顺序:前 中 后
根据限定词在名词前的位置关系,即如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照前位词放在第一位,中位限定词放在第二位,接着是后位限定词,即按“前位—中位—后位”的顺序排列。例如:
All(前)the(中)five(后)boys were absent that day.
Half(前)his(中)four(后)balls are broken.
I will never forget all(前)these(中)last(后)few后days.
Those(中)last(后)few(后)hours in hospital was horrible.
Several(后)hundred(后)people were killed in that battle.
All(前)other(后)students helped the teacher.
Such(前)a(中)thing as stealing is an abomination.
例題:The factory has turned out?摇?摇 ?摇?摇.
A.twice TV sets this year more than last year
B.TV sets this year twice as many as last year
C.twice as many TV sets this year as last year
D.TV sets twice more this year than last year
答案应为C。Twice是前位限定词,many位后位限定词,应放在twice后,TV sets之前。
值得注意的是:
(1)前位限定词与前位限定词及一般是相互排斥的,不能同时放在一起。例如不能说;all half his books,half twice my income.
(2)中位限定词与中位限定词也是彼此排斥的,不能同时出现。例如不能说a his money,her that problem.
例题:?摇?摇 ?摇?摇is such a spitfire.
A. His that third brother B. His third that brother
C. That third brother of his D. That his third brother
答案应是C. his与that都是中位限定词,相互排斥,不能同时使用,应该使用双重属格。同样,我的所有的衣服,不能说成“all the my clothes”,应为“all the clothes of mine”.The和my都是中位限定词,应分开。
(3)后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。主要有以下几种顺序。
①序数词 基数词:序数词与基数词连用时,序数词在前,基数词居后。如:the first six months,the third five years;
②序数词 量词:如:during the first few years;
③类序数词 基数词:类序数词next,last,other,another与基数词连用时,类序数词在前,基数词居后。如:another three tasks,the last four years不是three another tasks,four last years;
④类序数词 量词:类序数词next,last,other,another与量词连用时,类序数词在前,量词居后。如:your next few questions;the other four people;
⑤such与其他后位限定词连用时,其他限定词在前,such居后。如;few such(things),many such(discussions),several such(boxes),four such(books),little such(interest),another such(stories)等。
4.“跨类”限定词
(1)such和a,an连用时,应放在a,an之前,属前位限定词。如:such a day,such an author等。但如果跟其他限定词(包括后位限定词)连用时,就总是处于最后位,要“跨类”,如:some such discussions,such必须放在some之后。有的语法书将such归入“跨类”限定词,即既属前位限定词,又属后位限定词。
例题:?摇?摇?摇 ?摇ghost exists in the world.That’s your illusion.
A.No such a thing as
B.No such a thing as a
C.No such thing as a
D.No such thing as
答案是C.such如果用在中位限定词A前就是一个前位限定词,如果与其他限定词连用则为后位限定词,所以不存在no such a的结构。
类似的情况还有:后位限定词many和中位限定词what也都能与中位限定词a,an搭配,并出现在它们的前面,如:What an idea!Many a chance has lost(=Many chances have lost).
(2)并非所有的后位限定词都能随意搭配,还须根据一定的含义与习惯使用。
例如little和few都不能单独与more连用,other不能单独用于基数词之前,但是,当前面出现中位限定词冠词或不定冠词时,就可以连用了,如:a little more(water,a few more(books),the other ten(boys)等。
(3)有时,还会出现前、中、后位限定词之问发生排斥的情况。例如前位限定词all就不能与中位及后位那些表示不定量含义的限定词搭配,中位的my,your等也不可与后位的more,less等并用,等等。当然,其他特殊情况还有,如half a(year),a half(year),two half(decades),这里的half一会儿前位,一会儿后位,甚至用在后位的后位。又如,在two first awards,three second prizes等搭配中,基数词又出现在序数词前面。
总之,在学习中应注意总结,牢记住前位、中位、后位限定词的分类。比如可以大致归纳一下,前位限定词主要有all,half,both(可归纳为表示范围);分数;倍数。中位限定词主要有表指定的词(this,the,my,Tom’s等);后位限定词主要有表示多少的词(two,three,many,lots of);还有表序数的词(second,third,fifth)等。另外要特别记住such是个“跨类”的词,既可以是前位限定词,又可以是后位限定词。这样在运用时就不会感到不知所措了。
参考文献:
[1]Quirk,R,etal,A Grammarof Contemporary English[M].London:Longman,1972.
[2]Quirk,Retal,A Comprehensive Grammar of Contemporary Language[M].London:Longman,1983.
[3]Palmer F.Grammar[M].Harmondsworth:Penguring Books Ltd,1971.
[4]章振帮,新编英语语法教程,上海外语教育出版社,1990.