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航天员是载人航天活动的主体和核心,维持和增强航天员的能力,充分发挥人的主观能动作用是确保载人航天任务成功的关键。我国载人航天正从短期向长期空间飞行过渡,研究长期空间飞行下人的作业能力变化特性是开展相关研制的基础。本文从论述载人航天中人的地位和作用出发,分析了长期空间飞行中人的作业能力特点和需求,较系统地综述了国际上在长期空间飞行中人的作业能力变化特性方面最新基础研究和应用成果及发展态势,最后对我国空间站和后续载人航天任务在航天员作业能力方面的研究提出了建议。
Astronauts are the main body and core of manned space activities. Maintaining and enhancing astronauts’ capabilities and giving full play to their subjective initiative are the keys to ensuring the success of manned space missions. China’s manned space flight is transitioning from short-term to long-term space flight. Studying the changing characteristics of human working ability under long-term space flight is the basis for carrying out related research. Based on the discussion of the position and function of human beings in manned spacecraft, this paper analyzes the features and needs of man’s working ability in long-term space flight and systematically reviews the latest basic research in the field of man’s working ability in long-term space flight And application achievements and development trend. Finally, some suggestions are put forward for the research on the capability of astronauts in the space station and subsequent manned space missions in China.