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本文讨论了有关能源的思想观念的演变。20年前当几位作者开始携手合作研究能源时,人们一般是以发展的眼光、从供应方的角度来考虑能源问题,将注意力集中到消费趋势以及如何扩大供给以满足不断增长的需求上。这种方法在能源利用的环境影响、安全性和公平合理性方面的研究局限深深地困扰着他们。例如,大约有20亿人口经济条件有限,买不起现代能源,这严重限制了他们生活水平的提高。此外,能源还是造成环境问题的重要因素,其中包括室内空气污染、城市空气污染、酸化和全球气候变暖等。笔者认为,应当树立新的能源供给观念,使能源的供给方式有助于解决这些严重问题。笔者主张,能源必须成为推进可持续发展——经济上可行、以需要为导向、自力更生的以及无损于环境的发展——的工具,而且,应当将研究重点放在能源的终端用途上和能源供应的服务上。有助于实现可持续发展目标的能源技术方案也在本文进行了讨论。文中强调了制订和运用新型能源技术解决方案的必要性。笔者以巴西乙醇的利用为例,阐述了使发展中国家避免重复工业化国家所犯错误而在技术上实现跨越式发展的可能性。文中还重点介绍了在发展中国家引进先进技术过程中外国直接投资可能起到的作用,阐述了农村能源的近期和远期战略。最后,介绍了促进能源系统的发展,使之与可持续发展的步调一致并且支持可持续发展的相关政策。
This article discusses the evolution of ideas about energy. Twenty years ago, when several authors started working together on energy, people generally looked at the issue of energy from a supply-side perspective, focused on consumer trends and how to expand supply to meet growing demand . The limitations of the research on the environmental impact, safety and fairness and reasonableness of energy use are deeply troubling them. For example, about 2 billion people have limited economic conditions and can not afford modern energy, which severely limits their standard of living. In addition, energy is also an important factor causing environmental problems, including indoor air pollution, urban air pollution, acidification and global warming. The author believes that we should establish a new concept of energy supply, so that energy supply can help solve these serious problems. The author argues that energy must be a tool to promote sustainable development - economically viable, needs-oriented, self-reliant and environmentally friendly - and should focus its research on end-use energy and energy supply Service. Energy technology solutions that help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals are also discussed in this article. The article highlighted the need to develop and apply new energy technology solutions. Taking Brazil’s ethanol utilization as an example, the author expounds the possibility of developing leapfrogging technologies in developing countries in order to avoid mistakes made by countries that are repeatedly industrialized. The article also highlights the possible role that foreign direct investment can play in introducing advanced technologies in developing countries and expounds the near-term and long-term strategies for rural energy. Finally, information on policies that promote the development of an energy system in keeping with the pace of sustainable development and support for sustainable development is presented.