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一、注意避免定势思维
思维定势是指人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种固定的思维模式。它是一把双刃剑,如果运用得当,它可以帮助考生将考题内容与以前所学知识迅速联系起来,并在短时间内调集解决问题所需的相关知识进行分析、推理,并很快得出正确的结论;但若运用不当,它便会误导考生掉入命题人所预设的陷阱,得出错误的结论。
[例1] _______the Qin Dynasty, Mount Huangshan had been known as the Yi Shan. They got their present name in 747 AD, when the poet Li Po referred to them by this name in his writing.
解析:答案为Since。但是学生容易不假思索就会想到时间的介词in或者during,因为他们没有继续看下文,忽略了谓语动词had been known为过去完成时。句意为:自从秦朝以来,人们就知道黄山就是黟山。它于747年以来得此名,那时大诗人李白就曾在他的诗里提到过这个名字。
[例2]I heard a noise. It was on my right hand side. I at once began to push my way forward to _______ that noise came from.
解析:答案为where。因空格前的to 为介词,后面应该是宾语从句;在宾语从句中,介词from 后缺宾语;有的同学会因定势思维的影响错填了what, 以为介词from的宾语,应填连接代词what;但事实上,介词from有时用表地点的介词短语作宾语,如from behind the tree, from under the tree 等,所以这里用表地点的连接副词where作介词from的宾语。
二、注意识别倒装结构
解决类似的题目,关键是要熟悉倒装规则,学会识别倒装句。
[例3]The large trees among the houses give the place a cool shade, and the grass a deeper green. Within this large court of grass and trees ________(stand) a low green pump.
解析:答案为stands。有的学生以为grass and trees是主语,不能很好地理解句子的含义,误填了动词原形。如果熟悉倒装规则,就很容易判断出这是作地点状语的介词短语提前构成的完全倒装,主语是a low green pump,由前句中的gives可知,stand也用一般现在时的第三人单教形式stands,陈述事实。
[例4]To sum up the service in the canteen should be improved, ____ is the quality of staff.
解析:答案为 so。有的学生填and 连接should be improved 和is两个动词,没有从前后句的意义去思考空格应该填什么。实际上,此句大意为“总的说来,食堂的额服务应该有所改善,职工的素质也应如此。”所以这句话的后半部分含省略及倒装现象,其原形应该是“the quality of staff should be improved, too.”这种与上文相同的肯定的事实可以用so 替代,保留部分谓语和不同的主语。
三、注意分隔式定语从句
有时先行词与定语从句之间被介词短语分隔开来,这时学生容易找错先行词,从而错填关系词。
[例5] Later they may give performances in pubs or clubs, _________ which they are paid in cash.
解析:答案为for。学生们会因为pubs or clubs在空格前,而把which 理解为酒吧或者俱乐部,错填in了。但事实上,此句的先行词为performances,所以后半句应该还原为they are paid in cash for their performances,故填for。
四、注意主谓一致现象
[例6] Actually, wherever you go, good service for customers _______(mean) making customers feel special.
解析:答案为means。有的学生误认为最靠近的customers 是主语,就误填了mean的原形,和前半句的谓语go一样。实际上,主语是good service为单数,所以要填means。
五、注意判断并列结构
[例7]One day, the old lady had lunch, ______(tidy) her room and got the car cleaned.
解析:答案为tidied。有的考生误填tidying,以为是现在分词短语作状语;但事实上,tidy是与had,got并列的谓语动词,都用一般过去时。
[例8] You can walk on the Glass Floor and eat at the 360°Restaurant, __________(enjoy) the view of the whole city.
解析:答案为 enjoying。有的学生用enjoy的原形,以为与walk和eat都是并列谓语。实际上,enjoy是一个非谓语动词,因为空格前并没有并列连词,因you与enjoy 的是主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。
六、注意识别被动语态
For the study, 77 employees from Geneva University with a sedentary (久坐不动的) lifestyle ___________ (ask) to take only the stairs over a three-month period.
解析:答案为were asked。由于中国学生不习惯用被动语态去表达想法,所以遇到被动的动作总是丢三落四的,不是少了be 就是少了-ed的动词尾巴,要不是主谓数方面的不一致。本句主语“77个雇员”与“要求做某事”是被动关系,故填were asked。
(作者单位:韶关市曲江中学)
责任编校 蒋小青
思维定势是指人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种固定的思维模式。它是一把双刃剑,如果运用得当,它可以帮助考生将考题内容与以前所学知识迅速联系起来,并在短时间内调集解决问题所需的相关知识进行分析、推理,并很快得出正确的结论;但若运用不当,它便会误导考生掉入命题人所预设的陷阱,得出错误的结论。
[例1] _______the Qin Dynasty, Mount Huangshan had been known as the Yi Shan. They got their present name in 747 AD, when the poet Li Po referred to them by this name in his writing.
解析:答案为Since。但是学生容易不假思索就会想到时间的介词in或者during,因为他们没有继续看下文,忽略了谓语动词had been known为过去完成时。句意为:自从秦朝以来,人们就知道黄山就是黟山。它于747年以来得此名,那时大诗人李白就曾在他的诗里提到过这个名字。
[例2]I heard a noise. It was on my right hand side. I at once began to push my way forward to _______ that noise came from.
解析:答案为where。因空格前的to 为介词,后面应该是宾语从句;在宾语从句中,介词from 后缺宾语;有的同学会因定势思维的影响错填了what, 以为介词from的宾语,应填连接代词what;但事实上,介词from有时用表地点的介词短语作宾语,如from behind the tree, from under the tree 等,所以这里用表地点的连接副词where作介词from的宾语。
二、注意识别倒装结构
解决类似的题目,关键是要熟悉倒装规则,学会识别倒装句。
[例3]The large trees among the houses give the place a cool shade, and the grass a deeper green. Within this large court of grass and trees ________(stand) a low green pump.
解析:答案为stands。有的学生以为grass and trees是主语,不能很好地理解句子的含义,误填了动词原形。如果熟悉倒装规则,就很容易判断出这是作地点状语的介词短语提前构成的完全倒装,主语是a low green pump,由前句中的gives可知,stand也用一般现在时的第三人单教形式stands,陈述事实。
[例4]To sum up the service in the canteen should be improved, ____ is the quality of staff.
解析:答案为 so。有的学生填and 连接should be improved 和is两个动词,没有从前后句的意义去思考空格应该填什么。实际上,此句大意为“总的说来,食堂的额服务应该有所改善,职工的素质也应如此。”所以这句话的后半部分含省略及倒装现象,其原形应该是“the quality of staff should be improved, too.”这种与上文相同的肯定的事实可以用so 替代,保留部分谓语和不同的主语。
三、注意分隔式定语从句
有时先行词与定语从句之间被介词短语分隔开来,这时学生容易找错先行词,从而错填关系词。
[例5] Later they may give performances in pubs or clubs, _________ which they are paid in cash.
解析:答案为for。学生们会因为pubs or clubs在空格前,而把which 理解为酒吧或者俱乐部,错填in了。但事实上,此句的先行词为performances,所以后半句应该还原为they are paid in cash for their performances,故填for。
四、注意主谓一致现象
[例6] Actually, wherever you go, good service for customers _______(mean) making customers feel special.
解析:答案为means。有的学生误认为最靠近的customers 是主语,就误填了mean的原形,和前半句的谓语go一样。实际上,主语是good service为单数,所以要填means。
五、注意判断并列结构
[例7]One day, the old lady had lunch, ______(tidy) her room and got the car cleaned.
解析:答案为tidied。有的考生误填tidying,以为是现在分词短语作状语;但事实上,tidy是与had,got并列的谓语动词,都用一般过去时。
[例8] You can walk on the Glass Floor and eat at the 360°Restaurant, __________(enjoy) the view of the whole city.
解析:答案为 enjoying。有的学生用enjoy的原形,以为与walk和eat都是并列谓语。实际上,enjoy是一个非谓语动词,因为空格前并没有并列连词,因you与enjoy 的是主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。
六、注意识别被动语态
For the study, 77 employees from Geneva University with a sedentary (久坐不动的) lifestyle ___________ (ask) to take only the stairs over a three-month period.
解析:答案为were asked。由于中国学生不习惯用被动语态去表达想法,所以遇到被动的动作总是丢三落四的,不是少了be 就是少了-ed的动词尾巴,要不是主谓数方面的不一致。本句主语“77个雇员”与“要求做某事”是被动关系,故填were asked。
(作者单位:韶关市曲江中学)
责任编校 蒋小青