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[摘要]导入是课堂教学第一个环节,旨在引趣,生疑,导题,引发求知欲。这一环节运用的成功与否,关乎教师能否引发学生的学习兴趣,能否使学生产生强烈的探究新知欲望,近而影响着课堂教学效益。本文结合教学实践,介绍了视听媒体、时事名人、环境生活、游戏竞赛、温故知新、简笔画等淉堂导入法。
[关键词]情境 引趣 导入 课堂效益
上好一堂课就如演好一台戏。引入是戏剧的第一幕,导得好、引得巧就能激起学生的学习热情和兴趣,引发其强烈的求知欲,使其轻松愉快地进入情景,掌握新知识,形成新技能,使其能长期记忆知识,并学以致用。
引入新课,要根据学生的年龄特征和心理特点,结合所学语言材料的特点以及周围环境、季节、天气、时事、学生生活等随机设计不同导入方式,才能收到意想不到的教学效果。这也要求教师的教学方法要常教常新、异彩纷呈,能长久地吸引学生的注意力,让学生学得饶有趣味,兴致盎然。下面是笔者进行的一些尝试与探索。
一、利用视听媒体导入
播放电影片断、电视节目、动画片及教师自己制作flash动画或英文原版歌曲是学生最感兴趣,也最能吸引学生注意力的手段,故而视听导入法是调动学生学习积极性的有效方法。
JEFC、SEFC教材中有很多内容可用电影片断作为导入,例如,SEFC Book 1A,Unit 7 Earthquakes 一课可用美国大片《山崩地裂》来导入。Charlie Chaplin 一课可用卓别林主演的喜剧片断导入,这样又能体现教学内容,又能激发学生兴趣,也是教师选片原则。笔者在教学JEFC Book 2B,Unit 12 “What’s the weather like?”时就是利用CCTV的天气预报节目来引入的。在上课伊始,我播放CCTV的前一天的天气预报,用“Is it true?”激发学生发言的兴趣及探究天气知识的强烈求知欲。此时笔者又通过与学生之间互动引入了本课的话题:
T: Do you believe it? Is it true? What is the weather like today?
Ss: It is sunny.
T: Is it windy?
Ss: Yes, it is blowing strongly.
T: What is the temperature? (Show them thermometer)
Ss: It is 16 degrees centigrade。
T: Now, do you think what the reporter said is true?
Ss: Yeah, I think so.
T: Can you tell me what temperature it will be at night?
Ss: The Hostess said it would fall down below zero.
T: I think you and she are right .let us listen to another radio report.
这样,让学生觉得自己不是在学习,而是在验证、在评论、在判断、在推测。学习效果当然高了。另外强烈的视听音效也知识形象化,便联想记忆,也让学生实现“Thinking in English”,突破了语言障碍。
英文歌曲节奏感强,旋律优美,有些歌符合中学生的特点和口味,如后街男孩 、小甜甜布兰妮、卡蓬特演唱的歌曲。很多老师都喜欢用它们导入新课。在教学SEFC Book 1A,Unit 11“ Country music”时,笔者采用了John Denver 的经典歌曲“Country Roads”作导入的,然后通过问答引出该课的话题:
T:Is this song beautiful?
Ss: Yes.
T: Do you Know what kind of music it is? And who is the singer?
Ss: Country music. The singer is John Denver.
T: Do you know something about country music and John Denver? Today ,
we are going to learn something more about him and country music.
视听导入法,不只局限于电影和歌曲,老师自己制作的Flash, Author ware, Photoshop的动画,动画片更能满足教师的需要,笔者就常制作一些融动画、声音、特效于一体Flash动画来引入,很受学生喜爱。
二、利用名人、时事导入
现在的青少年学生活泼开朗、集体观、国家荣誉感强,也更追求时尚,崇拜偶象。名人、时事容易吸引学生的注意力。他们对许多名人新闻轶事都可娓娓道来,如数家珍。利用学生熟悉的名人、时事引入新语言项目,学生倍感亲切自然,印象深刻,从而更好地掌握新语言项目。笔者在教学如何描述人物时就采用了姚明和章子怡的照片来学习的。上课铃一响,我就把这两张照片悬挂在教室前,学生的注意力马上被吸引过去。我也趁机与学生进行了互动问答:
T:I have two photos here .Do you know them ?
Ss: Yao Ming and Zhang Ziyi.
T: Right, they are two super stars in China. Do you know more about them?
S1: Yao Ming is a super sports star. He is my favorite basketball player.
S2: I think I like Zhang Ziyi better .She is the most beautiful actress in China.
T: I agree with you. Why does Yao Ming play basketball so well?
Ss: Because he is very tall and strong.
T: Then, how tall is he?
…
T: Are his arms long? Does he have two long and strong legs? ...
就这样在真实的语境下引出了有关描述人物的词汇和句型,学生争相发言,气氛十分热烈。教学效果极佳。
时事和焦点问题是街头巷尾广泛议论的话题。青少年学生异常关注,利用好了不仅能够引境入胜,增加学习英语的兴趣,也能加强语言交际功能,培养学生英语思辩能力。笔者在教学SEFC Book 3B,Unit 20 “Gandhi”时,就是利用阿拉法特辞世的时事,让学生讨论其政治生涯,来引出本课内容的。课堂教学效率很高。
名人时事导入法要求教师走出课堂,了解世界,了解社会,还要求老师具有很强课堂调控能力,敏捷的应辩能力,只有这样,才能收放自如,益智激情。
三、利用环境、生活导入
世界大环境,学校周边小环境,时时刻刻都在影响着学生的学习和生活,也影响着学生的身心健康,很多事情和素材都可用来引入课堂,创设情境。笔者在教学有关“Pollution”的章节时,就是从我校东市三环路的躁声污染,校东南造纸厂的浓烟污染去引入。上课后我就问:
T:Listen ,what do you hear? Does the sharp sound make you anxious?
Breathe deeply, what do you smell? How do you feel? Now look up, what color is the sky? Why can’t you see the sky clearly? What does it harm to you? How do you do with it? Now, let’s learn more about it and find a way to protect us from the pollution?
这样的引入关乎学生切身利益,他们有意见要发表,有看法要说明学得很主动。一发而不可收。
同样从学生们的生活入手,也常能获得相得益彰的效果。今年植节同学们午休时刚植完树,下午英语课,我就以 “How do you feel? ”导入冀教版Book 2B “Why are the plants so important? ”的。
T:Class Begins. How do you feel?
Ss: We feel tired?
T: Why? What did you do?
Ss: We planted tree just now.
T: Good work! How many trees did you plant?
Ss :…
T: You are great. The plants are important. Do you know why the plants are so important? What do the trees do for us? Let’s read the text and find the answers.
这样,学生顺利而轻松地进入了新语言知识的学习。巧妙而迅速地把学生因劳动疲惫而过于散乱的注意力集中于课堂。 提高了学生的劳动积极性。
四、利用游戏、竟赛导入
青少年学生活泼好动,有极强的表现欲和创造力。竞赛和游戏既可活跃课堂气氛,又可培养学生参与意识、竟争意识、合作意识。自由、轻松的气氛能消除学生的紧张感 ,让学生玩乐中学到知识,由被动接受转化为探索知识。如JEFC Book 2B Lesson 31,“Part Two Read”是一篇短文。我采用游戏法,导入主题。
T:Would you like to play a game?
Ss: Yes, we’d love to.
T:I want six volunteers to come to the front, who would like to come?
(Ss come to the teaching step)
T: Now, let’s play the game. Stand in a row in the front of the class. Put your hands behind your backs. Look, I give the eraser to him .They can pass it one by one ――first one way ,then another.(边说边作手势,确保理解)(They do as the teacher says).
T: Close your eyes, keep them closed until I tell you. (After a while) .Now open your eyes and guess who has the eraser by saying “SA, is the eraser in your right hand.”…
学生们情绪高昂,踊跃参与,配合默契。这样的教学使他们不动课本,就掌握了新知,语言表达准确流利。
对于一些比较简单的Reading, 我常让学生预习后采用分组回答和抢答问题,记分评奖的竞赛的方式进入新知学习的。实践证明竞赛法可以激发竞争意识,训练学生反应能力,培养协作精神,课堂效益良好。
五、温故猜新导入
温故而知新。通过对知识回顾来导入新课,操作简洁自然。现行的冀教版是依照中加友好少年的系列活动来编写教材的,故事有很强的连续性。利用书中图片,采取温故猜新的方法引入,可取得开门见山之功效。笔者在教学时常这样引入。
T:From last lesson we know Jenny ,Danny and Li Ming went to Beijing for travel. On Monday, where did they go? What did they do?
Ss: They went to Tiananmen Square .They flew kites there.
T:Did they enjoy themselves? What happened to Denny?
Ss: Yes, I think so, but poor Danny fell down and hurt his arm.
T: Oh. Poor and funny Danny!
T: How many places of interest do you know in Beijing?Can you guess where they will go today? What can they do there? What will happen to poor Danny?
Ss: I guess they will go to the Pa lace Museum?
T: Maybe, now let’s listen to the tape and find the right answer.…
这样既复习了旧知识,也注意知识的连续性、渐进性,为更加准确地掌握新知识作较好的铺设。
六、利用实景、实物、简笔画导入
实物、实景、简笔画能帮助学生把英语词汇、句型与所表示的事物、情景联系起来,有助于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯。把实物带入课堂进行教学,学生觉得新鲜、有趣,而且方便、简洁、语境真实。在教学JEFC Book 2B Unit 3,“Autumn festivals” 我就把带果仁的,带糖的,带水果的、带椒盐的moon cakes 带到课堂,并让学生品尝。那一课上得非常成功,许多同学至今不忘,如果不能带实物,我就采用简笔画的形式。有时感觉用简笔画的效果更好,因为它启发学的观察力、想象力,联想力,很多学生不等老师交待就能进入情景。
当然实情、实景是教师志在追求的。笔者多次在大雨滂沱、在大雪纷飞等强烈的天气环境下讲授“It is raining hard; It is snowing heavily.”但这是可遇不可求的。 有时在图片,或其它资料帮助下,并充分利用师生肢体语言,有时既时在相反的环境条件下导入新课也能取得极佳的效果。
总之,设计课堂导入,贵在灵活自如,不拘一格。它需要教师深挖教材,观察生活,大胆尝试。它旨在创设与课文相关的问题情境,旨在引趣、生疑、导题、激发求知欲,让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中学习好英语。
[关键词]情境 引趣 导入 课堂效益
上好一堂课就如演好一台戏。引入是戏剧的第一幕,导得好、引得巧就能激起学生的学习热情和兴趣,引发其强烈的求知欲,使其轻松愉快地进入情景,掌握新知识,形成新技能,使其能长期记忆知识,并学以致用。
引入新课,要根据学生的年龄特征和心理特点,结合所学语言材料的特点以及周围环境、季节、天气、时事、学生生活等随机设计不同导入方式,才能收到意想不到的教学效果。这也要求教师的教学方法要常教常新、异彩纷呈,能长久地吸引学生的注意力,让学生学得饶有趣味,兴致盎然。下面是笔者进行的一些尝试与探索。
一、利用视听媒体导入
播放电影片断、电视节目、动画片及教师自己制作flash动画或英文原版歌曲是学生最感兴趣,也最能吸引学生注意力的手段,故而视听导入法是调动学生学习积极性的有效方法。
JEFC、SEFC教材中有很多内容可用电影片断作为导入,例如,SEFC Book 1A,Unit 7 Earthquakes 一课可用美国大片《山崩地裂》来导入。Charlie Chaplin 一课可用卓别林主演的喜剧片断导入,这样又能体现教学内容,又能激发学生兴趣,也是教师选片原则。笔者在教学JEFC Book 2B,Unit 12 “What’s the weather like?”时就是利用CCTV的天气预报节目来引入的。在上课伊始,我播放CCTV的前一天的天气预报,用“Is it true?”激发学生发言的兴趣及探究天气知识的强烈求知欲。此时笔者又通过与学生之间互动引入了本课的话题:
T: Do you believe it? Is it true? What is the weather like today?
Ss: It is sunny.
T: Is it windy?
Ss: Yes, it is blowing strongly.
T: What is the temperature? (Show them thermometer)
Ss: It is 16 degrees centigrade。
T: Now, do you think what the reporter said is true?
Ss: Yeah, I think so.
T: Can you tell me what temperature it will be at night?
Ss: The Hostess said it would fall down below zero.
T: I think you and she are right .let us listen to another radio report.
这样,让学生觉得自己不是在学习,而是在验证、在评论、在判断、在推测。学习效果当然高了。另外强烈的视听音效也知识形象化,便联想记忆,也让学生实现“Thinking in English”,突破了语言障碍。
英文歌曲节奏感强,旋律优美,有些歌符合中学生的特点和口味,如后街男孩 、小甜甜布兰妮、卡蓬特演唱的歌曲。很多老师都喜欢用它们导入新课。在教学SEFC Book 1A,Unit 11“ Country music”时,笔者采用了John Denver 的经典歌曲“Country Roads”作导入的,然后通过问答引出该课的话题:
T:Is this song beautiful?
Ss: Yes.
T: Do you Know what kind of music it is? And who is the singer?
Ss: Country music. The singer is John Denver.
T: Do you know something about country music and John Denver? Today ,
we are going to learn something more about him and country music.
视听导入法,不只局限于电影和歌曲,老师自己制作的Flash, Author ware, Photoshop的动画,动画片更能满足教师的需要,笔者就常制作一些融动画、声音、特效于一体Flash动画来引入,很受学生喜爱。
二、利用名人、时事导入
现在的青少年学生活泼开朗、集体观、国家荣誉感强,也更追求时尚,崇拜偶象。名人、时事容易吸引学生的注意力。他们对许多名人新闻轶事都可娓娓道来,如数家珍。利用学生熟悉的名人、时事引入新语言项目,学生倍感亲切自然,印象深刻,从而更好地掌握新语言项目。笔者在教学如何描述人物时就采用了姚明和章子怡的照片来学习的。上课铃一响,我就把这两张照片悬挂在教室前,学生的注意力马上被吸引过去。我也趁机与学生进行了互动问答:
T:I have two photos here .Do you know them ?
Ss: Yao Ming and Zhang Ziyi.
T: Right, they are two super stars in China. Do you know more about them?
S1: Yao Ming is a super sports star. He is my favorite basketball player.
S2: I think I like Zhang Ziyi better .She is the most beautiful actress in China.
T: I agree with you. Why does Yao Ming play basketball so well?
Ss: Because he is very tall and strong.
T: Then, how tall is he?
…
T: Are his arms long? Does he have two long and strong legs? ...
就这样在真实的语境下引出了有关描述人物的词汇和句型,学生争相发言,气氛十分热烈。教学效果极佳。
时事和焦点问题是街头巷尾广泛议论的话题。青少年学生异常关注,利用好了不仅能够引境入胜,增加学习英语的兴趣,也能加强语言交际功能,培养学生英语思辩能力。笔者在教学SEFC Book 3B,Unit 20 “Gandhi”时,就是利用阿拉法特辞世的时事,让学生讨论其政治生涯,来引出本课内容的。课堂教学效率很高。
名人时事导入法要求教师走出课堂,了解世界,了解社会,还要求老师具有很强课堂调控能力,敏捷的应辩能力,只有这样,才能收放自如,益智激情。
三、利用环境、生活导入
世界大环境,学校周边小环境,时时刻刻都在影响着学生的学习和生活,也影响着学生的身心健康,很多事情和素材都可用来引入课堂,创设情境。笔者在教学有关“Pollution”的章节时,就是从我校东市三环路的躁声污染,校东南造纸厂的浓烟污染去引入。上课后我就问:
T:Listen ,what do you hear? Does the sharp sound make you anxious?
Breathe deeply, what do you smell? How do you feel? Now look up, what color is the sky? Why can’t you see the sky clearly? What does it harm to you? How do you do with it? Now, let’s learn more about it and find a way to protect us from the pollution?
这样的引入关乎学生切身利益,他们有意见要发表,有看法要说明学得很主动。一发而不可收。
同样从学生们的生活入手,也常能获得相得益彰的效果。今年植节同学们午休时刚植完树,下午英语课,我就以 “How do you feel? ”导入冀教版Book 2B “Why are the plants so important? ”的。
T:Class Begins. How do you feel?
Ss: We feel tired?
T: Why? What did you do?
Ss: We planted tree just now.
T: Good work! How many trees did you plant?
Ss :…
T: You are great. The plants are important. Do you know why the plants are so important? What do the trees do for us? Let’s read the text and find the answers.
这样,学生顺利而轻松地进入了新语言知识的学习。巧妙而迅速地把学生因劳动疲惫而过于散乱的注意力集中于课堂。 提高了学生的劳动积极性。
四、利用游戏、竟赛导入
青少年学生活泼好动,有极强的表现欲和创造力。竞赛和游戏既可活跃课堂气氛,又可培养学生参与意识、竟争意识、合作意识。自由、轻松的气氛能消除学生的紧张感 ,让学生玩乐中学到知识,由被动接受转化为探索知识。如JEFC Book 2B Lesson 31,“Part Two Read”是一篇短文。我采用游戏法,导入主题。
T:Would you like to play a game?
Ss: Yes, we’d love to.
T:I want six volunteers to come to the front, who would like to come?
(Ss come to the teaching step)
T: Now, let’s play the game. Stand in a row in the front of the class. Put your hands behind your backs. Look, I give the eraser to him .They can pass it one by one ――first one way ,then another.(边说边作手势,确保理解)(They do as the teacher says).
T: Close your eyes, keep them closed until I tell you. (After a while) .Now open your eyes and guess who has the eraser by saying “SA, is the eraser in your right hand.”…
学生们情绪高昂,踊跃参与,配合默契。这样的教学使他们不动课本,就掌握了新知,语言表达准确流利。
对于一些比较简单的Reading, 我常让学生预习后采用分组回答和抢答问题,记分评奖的竞赛的方式进入新知学习的。实践证明竞赛法可以激发竞争意识,训练学生反应能力,培养协作精神,课堂效益良好。
五、温故猜新导入
温故而知新。通过对知识回顾来导入新课,操作简洁自然。现行的冀教版是依照中加友好少年的系列活动来编写教材的,故事有很强的连续性。利用书中图片,采取温故猜新的方法引入,可取得开门见山之功效。笔者在教学时常这样引入。
T:From last lesson we know Jenny ,Danny and Li Ming went to Beijing for travel. On Monday, where did they go? What did they do?
Ss: They went to Tiananmen Square .They flew kites there.
T:Did they enjoy themselves? What happened to Denny?
Ss: Yes, I think so, but poor Danny fell down and hurt his arm.
T: Oh. Poor and funny Danny!
T: How many places of interest do you know in Beijing?Can you guess where they will go today? What can they do there? What will happen to poor Danny?
Ss: I guess they will go to the Pa lace Museum?
T: Maybe, now let’s listen to the tape and find the right answer.…
这样既复习了旧知识,也注意知识的连续性、渐进性,为更加准确地掌握新知识作较好的铺设。
六、利用实景、实物、简笔画导入
实物、实景、简笔画能帮助学生把英语词汇、句型与所表示的事物、情景联系起来,有助于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯。把实物带入课堂进行教学,学生觉得新鲜、有趣,而且方便、简洁、语境真实。在教学JEFC Book 2B Unit 3,“Autumn festivals” 我就把带果仁的,带糖的,带水果的、带椒盐的moon cakes 带到课堂,并让学生品尝。那一课上得非常成功,许多同学至今不忘,如果不能带实物,我就采用简笔画的形式。有时感觉用简笔画的效果更好,因为它启发学的观察力、想象力,联想力,很多学生不等老师交待就能进入情景。
当然实情、实景是教师志在追求的。笔者多次在大雨滂沱、在大雪纷飞等强烈的天气环境下讲授“It is raining hard; It is snowing heavily.”但这是可遇不可求的。 有时在图片,或其它资料帮助下,并充分利用师生肢体语言,有时既时在相反的环境条件下导入新课也能取得极佳的效果。
总之,设计课堂导入,贵在灵活自如,不拘一格。它需要教师深挖教材,观察生活,大胆尝试。它旨在创设与课文相关的问题情境,旨在引趣、生疑、导题、激发求知欲,让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中学习好英语。