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[摘要] 原发性干燥综合征(pSS)是一种临床常见的自身免疫性疾病,主要侵犯唾液腺和泪腺等外分泌腺体。目前常用的检查包括腮腺造影、腮腺核素显像、唇腺活检等。近年来涎腺超声(SGU)发展迅速,较传统的检查方法有着简便、经济、无创、易于操作和推广等优势,本文就SGU在pSS诊疗中的应用及研究进展进行综述。从pSS的SGU成像特征探讨其诊断价值;从SGU评分与临床症状、实验室指标的联系来分析预后;从治疗后唾液腺的回声改变分析SGU用于疗效监测和随访的可行性。
[关键词] 干燥综合征;涎腺超声;诊断;疗效;随访
[Abstract] Primary sjgren’s syndrome(pSS) is a common autoimmune disease in clinic, which mainly invades salivary glands and lacrimal glands. At present, the commonly used examinations include parotid radiography, parotid radionuclide imaging, lip gland biopsy and so on. Salivary gland ultrasonography(SGU) has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with traditional examination methods, SGU has the advantages of simplicity, economy, non-invasion, easy operation and wide popularization. This article reviews the application and research progress of SGU in diagnosis and treatment of pSS. The diagnostic value of pSS was discussed from its SGU imaging features. The prognosis was analyzed from the relationship between SGU score and clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators. The feasibility of SGU in curative effect monitoring and follow-up was analyzed from the echo changes of salivary glands after treatment.
[Key words] Sjogren’s syndrome; Salivary gland ultrasonography; Diagnosis; Efficacy; Follow-up
原发性干燥综合征(Primary sjgren’s syndrome,pSS)是一个多种病因相互作用的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,以口腔和眼部干燥为主要特征[1]。在其病理变化过程中,主要表现为唾液腺等腺体的导管管腔异常,腺上皮细胞呈进行性破坏或萎缩、功能受损,小血管壁或血管周围炎症细胞浸润致使局部组织供血不足[2]。小唾液腺活检是pSS诊断的重要手段,但不适合重复随访[3]。迄今为止,有多种成像技术可用于评估腮腺(如唾液造影、唾液腺闪烁显像术等);然而这些技术受到其侵入性或高成本的限制[4]。涎腺超声(Salivary gland ultrasonography,SGU)已经在pSS中使用,并发现能与造影显像和MRI相媲美;该方法主要优点为迅速性、可重复性和低成本[5]。SGU检查手段也有多种,包括灰阶超声、多普勒超声、脉冲频谱多普勒(Pulsed wave doppler,PW)等,其可以观察涎腺的形态、回声、质地、侧后声影、境界和包膜,提供病变部位的血流特征。非侵入性的SGU在pSS的诊断中发挥着重要作用,对唾液腺结构异常的直接可视化有利于对腺实质的回声、同质性、纤维化和钙化进行分类,其已广泛用于评估pSS涎腺的病变和治疗反应[6-7]。本文就SGU的应用价值及研究进展综述如下。
1 干燥综合征患者的超声涎腺成像特征
1.1 评分系统
1992年,De[8]等指出SGU在干燥综合征(Sjgren’s syndrome,SS)诊断中具有潜在价值;该研究发现腺体回声不均是SS的特征性表现,并按不均匀程度、低回声结节大小提出0~4分涎腺超声评分(SGU scoring system,SGUS)分别对4个腺体进行评分。0分:正常腺体,回声均匀;1分:轻度不均匀;2分:明显不均匀,低回声结节
[关键词] 干燥综合征;涎腺超声;诊断;疗效;随访
[Abstract] Primary sjgren’s syndrome(pSS) is a common autoimmune disease in clinic, which mainly invades salivary glands and lacrimal glands. At present, the commonly used examinations include parotid radiography, parotid radionuclide imaging, lip gland biopsy and so on. Salivary gland ultrasonography(SGU) has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with traditional examination methods, SGU has the advantages of simplicity, economy, non-invasion, easy operation and wide popularization. This article reviews the application and research progress of SGU in diagnosis and treatment of pSS. The diagnostic value of pSS was discussed from its SGU imaging features. The prognosis was analyzed from the relationship between SGU score and clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators. The feasibility of SGU in curative effect monitoring and follow-up was analyzed from the echo changes of salivary glands after treatment.
[Key words] Sjogren’s syndrome; Salivary gland ultrasonography; Diagnosis; Efficacy; Follow-up
原发性干燥综合征(Primary sjgren’s syndrome,pSS)是一个多种病因相互作用的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,以口腔和眼部干燥为主要特征[1]。在其病理变化过程中,主要表现为唾液腺等腺体的导管管腔异常,腺上皮细胞呈进行性破坏或萎缩、功能受损,小血管壁或血管周围炎症细胞浸润致使局部组织供血不足[2]。小唾液腺活检是pSS诊断的重要手段,但不适合重复随访[3]。迄今为止,有多种成像技术可用于评估腮腺(如唾液造影、唾液腺闪烁显像术等);然而这些技术受到其侵入性或高成本的限制[4]。涎腺超声(Salivary gland ultrasonography,SGU)已经在pSS中使用,并发现能与造影显像和MRI相媲美;该方法主要优点为迅速性、可重复性和低成本[5]。SGU检查手段也有多种,包括灰阶超声、多普勒超声、脉冲频谱多普勒(Pulsed wave doppler,PW)等,其可以观察涎腺的形态、回声、质地、侧后声影、境界和包膜,提供病变部位的血流特征。非侵入性的SGU在pSS的诊断中发挥着重要作用,对唾液腺结构异常的直接可视化有利于对腺实质的回声、同质性、纤维化和钙化进行分类,其已广泛用于评估pSS涎腺的病变和治疗反应[6-7]。本文就SGU的应用价值及研究进展综述如下。
1 干燥综合征患者的超声涎腺成像特征
1.1 评分系统
1992年,De[8]等指出SGU在干燥综合征(Sjgren’s syndrome,SS)诊断中具有潜在价值;该研究发现腺体回声不均是SS的特征性表现,并按不均匀程度、低回声结节大小提出0~4分涎腺超声评分(SGU scoring system,SGUS)分别对4个腺体进行评分。0分:正常腺体,回声均匀;1分:轻度不均匀;2分:明显不均匀,低回声结节