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漕运是中国封建社会的产物,以中央集权政治为母体,以封建自然经济为土壤,始于秦汉而终于晚清,是历代封建王朝的重要经济内容。漕运的发展轨迹与整个封建经济的动向密切相联。秦汉时期,由于社会政治、经济制度处于起步阶段,所以漕运体现出无常制、无常时、无常额的特征,漕粮多为军事费用,漕运方向由东至西。唐宋时期是漕运的大发展时期,由于运河的开通以及经济重心的南移,漕运方向由东西向转为东南西北向,漕运渐趋稳定,有相应的成法、固定的职官和额定的年漕量,漕运成为一个较完整的经济体系。元代由于种种原因,主要采用海运的形式运输漕粮,所以这是一个漕运发展中的特殊时期。明清时期,是漕运制度的完善时期,由于历代的积累和统治者的重视,此期漕运的组织、机构、政策都十分严密和健全;明清漕运涉及的范围很广,由于社会经济的变化,漕运不断发挥诸多的社会功能;此时,漕运重心已完全落在南方,漕运方向转变为南北向。
Water transport is a product of the feudal society in China. Taking the centralization of power as the mother body and the feudal natural economy as the soil, it began in the Qin and Han Dynasties and finally ended in the late Qing Dynasty. It is an important economic element of the feudal dynasties. The development of water transport and the movement of the feudal economy are closely linked. During the Qin and Han dynasties, due to the initial stage of social, political and economic development, the water and transportation showed the characteristics of a period of infinity and impermanence, with no permanent quotas. The grain transportation was mostly military expenses, and the water transportation direction was from east to west. The Tang and Song dynasties were the period of great development of water transport. Due to the opening of the canal and the southward shift of the economic center of gravity, the water transport direction was changed from east-west to north-east-north-west direction, and the water transport was gradually stabilized. Corresponding methods, fixed officials and rated The amount of water, water transport become a more complete economic system. Because of various reasons, the Yuan Dynasty mainly used the form of shipping to transport grain and grain, so this was a special period in the development of water transportation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the system of water transport was perfected. Due to the accumulation of the past dynasties and the emphasis of the rulers, the organization, institutions and policies of the water transport during this period were very strict and sound. The water transport in the Ming and Qing dynasties covered a wide range of areas. Due to socio-economic changes , Water transport continue to play a lot of social functions; At this point, the water transportation center of gravity has completely landed in the south, the direction of water transport into North-South.