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制度是一个杜会的游戏规则,更规范地说,它们是为决定人们的相互关系而人为设定的一些制约。制度作为规则,既包括正式规则,又包括非正式规则。正式规则由法律等明文规定,它们正式界定个人或法人的责任、权利、义务以及违规的惩罚措施等。非正式规则是指惯例、习俗、传统、习惯,其主要作用是去修正、补足正式规则。社会中正式与非正式的制度安排的总和被称为制度结构。任何社会的制度结构均具有近可分解性,体现在由文化进化形成的非正式规则和正式的制度之间。布坎南在论析哈耶克的思想时强调:“应该把文化进化形成的规
The system is a society’s rules of play, and more speculatively, they are artificially set to determine people’s relationships. System as a rule, both formal and informal rules. Formal rules are expressly provided for by law, which formally define the responsibilities, rights and obligations of individuals or legal persons and penalties for non-compliance. Informal rules are conventions, customs, traditions and customs. Their main function is to amend and supplement the formal rules. The sum of formal and informal institutional arrangements in society is called the institutional structure. The institutional structure of any society is nearly decomposable, as reflected in the informal rules formed by cultural evolution and formal institutions. In his analysis of Hayek’s thinking, Buchanan stressed: ”The regulation of the evolution of culture should be made