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晚清总理各国事务衙门(简称总理衙门、总署),自1861年初设立,到1901年改组为外务部,在主持洋务和外交的过程中起了十分重要的作用。然而长期以来史学界对它的研究甚少,本文集中了笔者的研究成果,提出来求教于大家。一、顺应历史发展的进步与改革1861年初,奕訢等人迫不得已,设立总理衙门作为权宜之计,设想将来军务肃清、外国事务简易后即行裁撤,外交仍归军机处办理。尽管如此,它还不免受到讥诮和詈骂,许多官僚把对英法联军的仇恨转移到总署及其大臣章京身上,认为总署之设乃国家之耻辱,大臣章京尽为无耻之徒。可是在英
Since the establishment of the Yamen (the Yamen and the General Administration of the Prime Minister) in the late Qing Dynasty from the beginning of 1861 to the foreign ministry in 1901, it has played a very important role in hosting foreign affairs and foreign affairs. However, for a long time, historians have studied very little about it. This article concentrates on the research results of the author and proposes to ask everyone for advice. I. Progress and Reform in Accordance with Historical Development At the beginning of 1861, Yi Xin and others forced last resort to set up the Yamen’s PM as an expedient measure to envisage eliminating military affairs and simplifying foreign affairs in the future. Diplomacy will continue to be handled by the military authorities. Nevertheless, it is inevitably cynical and abusive. Many bureaucrats have shifted their hatred of the British and French troops to General Administration of China and its minister, Zhang Jing. They consider the headquarters as a national shame and Minister Zhang Jing as a shameless person. But in the English