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【关键词】that;定语从句;状语从句;名词性从句
1 that在定语从句中的用法
that作为引导定语从句的关系代词有三个作用:(1)起到连词的作用,把主句和从句连接起来;(2)起到代词的作用,指代前面的先行词;(3)起到一定的语法作用,在从句中可以做主语、宾语,可以指人、指物。that在定语从句中的用法很灵活,有些时候只能用that引导定语从句,下面是对这些特殊情况的总结。
(1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing, much, little, more等不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时,关系代词一般用that,并且可以省略。
A. That’s all (that) I could do at that time. 那就是当时我所能做的。
B. Please just tell me anything (that) you know. 请把你所知道的全都告诉我。
(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等,以及the only, the very等词修饰时,关系代词常用that。
A. This is the best TV set that is made in China. 这是最好的国产电视。
B. The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben. 他们访问伦敦的第一个地方是大本钟。
C. This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 这是我想买的特别好的字典。
D. He is the only person that was at the time. 他是当时唯一在场的人。
(3)当先行词是疑问词who, which, what时,用that,不用who/whom, which。
A. Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?
B. Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们中有点物理知识的哪个人不知道这一点?
C. What that is on the table belongs to me? 桌子上的什么东西是属于我的?
(4)当先行词被the same修饰时,定语从句的引导词常用as,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as引导的定语从句意思不同。the same...as强调是同一类,the same...that强调是同一个。
A. She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着玛丽婚礼上穿过的那条裙子。
B. She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(5)关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语且带有类比含义时,通常用that引导,不能用which。
A. Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
(6)当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,定语从句要用that引导,不能用which。
A. They are talking about the workers and the factory that they have visited.他们正在谈论曾经访问过的工人和参观过的工厂。
(7)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that。
A. John built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen.约翰创建了一家工厂,主要生产以前没见过的东西。
(8)以the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由in which 或that引導,而且通常可以省略。
A. The way (in which/that) he answered the question was surprising.
(9)当关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时,介词在关系代词前面时用which,介词在句末时用which或that都可以。
A. She hasn’t got enough money with which to buy the car. 她没有足够的钱来买车。
B. I have problems of my own (that/which) you know nothing of. 我有你毫不了解的我自己的问题。
That在定语从句中的用法很多,但是that只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2 that在状语从句中的用法
2.1 在原因状语从句中
in that(由于),now that(既然),not that..but that...(不是因为...而是因为...), considering (that), seeing (that),for the reason that,by the reason that可以引导原因状语从句。
A. Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion. 既然全部到齐了,我们就开始讨论吧。 B. Not that I don’t like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是我不喜欢这部电影,而是因为我没有时间去看。
2.2 在目的状语从句中
so that(为了,以便),in order that(为了,以便),for fear that (唯恐,害怕,担心)可以引导目的状语从句。
A. Study hard so that you can pass the entrance examination. 努力学习,你才能通过入学考试。
B. Mary didn’t want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby up. 玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。
2.3 在结果状语从句中
that(结果是,以致), so that (结果是,以致),so...that(如此...以至于),such ...that(如此...以至于)可以引导目的状语从句。
A. The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out. 这道题这么复杂,我们要花很长时间才能解答。
B. He made such an interesting speech that everybody got excited.他的演讲如此鼓舞人心,以至于大家都非常激动。
C. His statement was quite clear that everybody was convinced.他的陈述相当明白,大家都信服了。
2.4 在条件状语从句中
providing that(假如),provided that(假如),on condition that(如果)可以引导条件状语从句。
A. I will lend you my computer on condition that you keep it on good shape. 如果你能好好保管我的计算机,我就把它借给你。
B. Provided that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 如果他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁?
3 That在名词性从句中的用法
连词that本身无意义,有时可以省略,在句中只起连接作用,不担当句子成分。它可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
(1)引导主语从句。that从句位于句首时,that不能省略。
A. It is probable that he told her everything.
B. That prices will go up is certain. 物价要上涨是肯定的。
(2)引导宾语从句。that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可做except,in的宾语。
A. I don’t doubt that he can finish the task on time. 我相信他能按时完成任务。
B. He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 他是個好学生,就是有点粗心。
C. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted hie spare time to reading. 他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把空闲时间用在了读书上。
(3)引导表语从句和同位语从句。that引导表语从句、同位语从句时,一般不省略。
A. My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning. 我的决定是我们所有的人明早6点出发。
B. There is a feeling to me that we will meet again. 我有一种感觉,我们会再见面。
(4)that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别。
that引导同位语从句不做句子成分,它引导的同位语从句是完整的,不缺任何成分。That引导定语从句时,一方面起引导定语从句的作用,另一方面,他还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,即that引导的定语从句的成分是残缺的。
A. The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. (同位语从句,不缺任何成分)我们足球队赢了那场比赛的消息令人鼓舞。
B. The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. (定语从句,缺少宾语)我们在收音机里听到的消息不是真的。
参考文献
[1] 刘巧婵.That从句的翻译方法[J].大众文艺(理论),2009(14)
[2] 龙奇玉.论That引导的从句[J].经济研究导刊,2009(30).
(作者单位:河南工业和信息化职业学院)
1 that在定语从句中的用法
that作为引导定语从句的关系代词有三个作用:(1)起到连词的作用,把主句和从句连接起来;(2)起到代词的作用,指代前面的先行词;(3)起到一定的语法作用,在从句中可以做主语、宾语,可以指人、指物。that在定语从句中的用法很灵活,有些时候只能用that引导定语从句,下面是对这些特殊情况的总结。
(1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing, much, little, more等不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时,关系代词一般用that,并且可以省略。
A. That’s all (that) I could do at that time. 那就是当时我所能做的。
B. Please just tell me anything (that) you know. 请把你所知道的全都告诉我。
(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等,以及the only, the very等词修饰时,关系代词常用that。
A. This is the best TV set that is made in China. 这是最好的国产电视。
B. The first place that they visited in London was Big Ben. 他们访问伦敦的第一个地方是大本钟。
C. This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 这是我想买的特别好的字典。
D. He is the only person that was at the time. 他是当时唯一在场的人。
(3)当先行词是疑问词who, which, what时,用that,不用who/whom, which。
A. Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?
B. Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们中有点物理知识的哪个人不知道这一点?
C. What that is on the table belongs to me? 桌子上的什么东西是属于我的?
(4)当先行词被the same修饰时,定语从句的引导词常用as,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as引导的定语从句意思不同。the same...as强调是同一类,the same...that强调是同一个。
A. She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着玛丽婚礼上穿过的那条裙子。
B. She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(5)关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语且带有类比含义时,通常用that引导,不能用which。
A. Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
(6)当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,定语从句要用that引导,不能用which。
A. They are talking about the workers and the factory that they have visited.他们正在谈论曾经访问过的工人和参观过的工厂。
(7)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that。
A. John built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen.约翰创建了一家工厂,主要生产以前没见过的东西。
(8)以the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由in which 或that引導,而且通常可以省略。
A. The way (in which/that) he answered the question was surprising.
(9)当关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时,介词在关系代词前面时用which,介词在句末时用which或that都可以。
A. She hasn’t got enough money with which to buy the car. 她没有足够的钱来买车。
B. I have problems of my own (that/which) you know nothing of. 我有你毫不了解的我自己的问题。
That在定语从句中的用法很多,但是that只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2 that在状语从句中的用法
2.1 在原因状语从句中
in that(由于),now that(既然),not that..but that...(不是因为...而是因为...), considering (that), seeing (that),for the reason that,by the reason that可以引导原因状语从句。
A. Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion. 既然全部到齐了,我们就开始讨论吧。 B. Not that I don’t like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是我不喜欢这部电影,而是因为我没有时间去看。
2.2 在目的状语从句中
so that(为了,以便),in order that(为了,以便),for fear that (唯恐,害怕,担心)可以引导目的状语从句。
A. Study hard so that you can pass the entrance examination. 努力学习,你才能通过入学考试。
B. Mary didn’t want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby up. 玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。
2.3 在结果状语从句中
that(结果是,以致), so that (结果是,以致),so...that(如此...以至于),such ...that(如此...以至于)可以引导目的状语从句。
A. The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out. 这道题这么复杂,我们要花很长时间才能解答。
B. He made such an interesting speech that everybody got excited.他的演讲如此鼓舞人心,以至于大家都非常激动。
C. His statement was quite clear that everybody was convinced.他的陈述相当明白,大家都信服了。
2.4 在条件状语从句中
providing that(假如),provided that(假如),on condition that(如果)可以引导条件状语从句。
A. I will lend you my computer on condition that you keep it on good shape. 如果你能好好保管我的计算机,我就把它借给你。
B. Provided that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 如果他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁?
3 That在名词性从句中的用法
连词that本身无意义,有时可以省略,在句中只起连接作用,不担当句子成分。它可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
(1)引导主语从句。that从句位于句首时,that不能省略。
A. It is probable that he told her everything.
B. That prices will go up is certain. 物价要上涨是肯定的。
(2)引导宾语从句。that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可做except,in的宾语。
A. I don’t doubt that he can finish the task on time. 我相信他能按时完成任务。
B. He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 他是個好学生,就是有点粗心。
C. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted hie spare time to reading. 他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把空闲时间用在了读书上。
(3)引导表语从句和同位语从句。that引导表语从句、同位语从句时,一般不省略。
A. My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning. 我的决定是我们所有的人明早6点出发。
B. There is a feeling to me that we will meet again. 我有一种感觉,我们会再见面。
(4)that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别。
that引导同位语从句不做句子成分,它引导的同位语从句是完整的,不缺任何成分。That引导定语从句时,一方面起引导定语从句的作用,另一方面,他还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,即that引导的定语从句的成分是残缺的。
A. The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. (同位语从句,不缺任何成分)我们足球队赢了那场比赛的消息令人鼓舞。
B. The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. (定语从句,缺少宾语)我们在收音机里听到的消息不是真的。
参考文献
[1] 刘巧婵.That从句的翻译方法[J].大众文艺(理论),2009(14)
[2] 龙奇玉.论That引导的从句[J].经济研究导刊,2009(30).
(作者单位:河南工业和信息化职业学院)