看幽默壁画 识七宗罪

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  The 1)peal of church bells rang out across medieval Britain. The Christian Church influenced almost every waking hour. From cradle to grave, it gave rhythm to your days, to your weeks, and to your year. And so medieval churches were bustling with life, often in ways that you would not expect.
  By the Middle Ages, the Church had come to embrace every aspect of life. To the medieval mind, the image of Hell as a burning pit of fire was an absolute reality. Men and women were preoccupied with escaping Hell, by securing entry into Heaven.
  And to do that, how you lived was all-important. In the 13th century, the Church set out formal codes of behaviour which ordinary people should learn and live by, including the Ten Commandants and the Seven Deadly Sins.
  教堂的钟声曾响彻中世纪的大不列颠,基督教堂几乎影响着人们的全部生活。从呱呱坠地到入土为安,教堂似乎成了人们生活的节拍器,贯穿生命中的每一天、每一周、每一年。因此,中世纪的教堂与人们的生活相互交织,其相互影响的方式有时是你无法想象的。
  到了中世纪,教堂对生活的方方面面都产生了影响。地狱就是一个烈火熊熊的炉坑,生活在中世纪的人相信真有其事。男男女女都一门心思地想着要上天堂,远离地狱。
  为此,他们的生活方式就变得尤为重要。在13世纪,教会颁布了正式的行为规范,让老百姓的言行举止、日常生活都能遵守这些规矩。这些规矩囊括了十诫和七宗罪。


  The medieval Christian was expected to know the Seven Deadly Sins by heart. And in an age when very few people could read, the Church had to find other ways to drum these lessons into people.
  I’m in Hessett, in Suffolk, to see a very rare surviving example of the kind of paintings that once would have covered Britain’s medieval churches.
  Richard: This must be the wall painting.
  Dr. Mariam Gill: Here it is. Seven Deadly Sins. Richard: And it’s a tree with the devils down at the bottom.
  Dr. Gill: Yes. Can you see what they’re doing? Richard: I can’t.
  Dr. Gill: They’ve got a two-handed saw and they’re cutting through the trunk of the tree. You can see the tree’s growing out of the mouth of Hell.
  Richard: Oh, it is.
  Dr. Gill: So, that’s where it’s going to end up. Richard: Yes, yes.
  Dr. Gill: It’s all about to go 2)pear-shaped!
  Richard: So all of the people…
  Dr. Gill: Mm.
  Richard: …are heading for a fall,…
  Dr. Gill: They are, absolutely.
  Richard: …in other words.
  Dr. Gill: Yeah.
  Richard: Pride...
  Dr. Gill: Yeah.
  Richard: …is always the worst of the Seven Deadly Sins.
  Dr. Gill: Yeah.
  Richard: So I’m going to go for Pride being the finely dressed man at the top of the tree.
  Dr. Gill: He’s very trendy, and he’s got that   lovely feather in his cap…
  Richard: He does.
  Dr. Gill: …and he’s just 3)strutting his stuff at the top of the tree.
  Richard: And who’s the man on the right with the raised stick?
  Dr. Gill: He’s 4)Wrath or Anger.
  Richard: Oh, yeah.
  中世纪的基督教要求信徒能把七宗罪铭记于心。但在那个鲜有人识字的年代里,教堂必须想办法将这些诫条灌输给不识字的老百姓。
  我来到萨福克郡的赫塞特小镇,专程来看一种在中世纪的大不列颠无处不在的绘画,这些绘画能保留下来十分罕见。
  理查德:这应该就是那幅壁画吧。
  吉尔博士:这就是了,七宗罪。
  理查德:这画着一棵树,魔鬼站在树下面。
  吉尔博士:是的,你能看出他们在干嘛吗?
  理查德:我可看不出来。
  吉尔博士:他们拿着一把两人锯,正在将大树的树干锯下来。你可以看到这棵树是从地狱的嘴里长出来的。
  理查德:哦,对的。
  吉尔博士:所以说,这就是他们最后的结局。理查德:是的,是的。
  吉尔博士:接着一切就毁于一旦了。
  理查德:所以换句话说……
  吉尔博士:嗯。
  理查德:……这些人都一起……
  吉尔博士:是的,绝对是这样。
  理查德:……坠入深渊了。
  吉尔博士:是的。
  理查德:骄傲自大……
  吉尔博士:是的。
  理查德:……是七宗罪里最严重的一条。
  吉尔博士:对。
  理查德:所以我以为“骄傲自大”应该是树顶上站着的那个穿着华丽的男人。
  吉尔博士:他非常时髦,他的帽子上还有可爱的小羽毛……
  理查德:是的。
  吉尔博士:……趾高气扬地站在树顶上炫耀着什么。
  理查德:右边这位举着手杖的男人又是谁呢?
  吉尔博士:他代表暴怒,或者说愤怒。
  理查德:哦,对。


  Dr. Gill: And he’s got a weapon which he’s
  5)brandishing and sort of raging and fuming.
  Richard: The next one down…
  Dr. Gill: The next one down was the one they had a lot of trouble with actually 6)depicting, because it’s Envy. I think he’s just sort of clutching his belt and pointing. So I think he’s just sort of looking at the 7)Joneses over there and wishing he had what they’d got.
  Richard: I’m going to go for Lust at the top. Dr. Gill: Yes.
  Richard: Is that the pair in the...in an embrace?
  Dr. Gill: Yes, they’re having a bit of a kiss and a
  8)cuddle there, sort of nose to nose.
  Richard: Ah, yes.
  Dr. Gill: They’re at the top.
  Richard: 9)Avarice. Love of money. Dr. Gill: Avarice. Old 10)moneybags.
  Richard: What was the purpose of paintings like this? What’s the purpose of the Seven Deadly Sins?
  Dr. Gill: They’re not just about conveying information, they’re about helping you to change your life. And because it’s using humour, and it’s using satire, it’s using a bit of threat, it’s engaging with all your emotions. So it’s going to lodge in your memory.
  Richard: I’m struck by how much warmth there is in them, how much humanity.
  But these weren’t just a question of people going,“You shall not be proud,” and, “You shall not be envious.” People aren’t idiots now and they weren’t idiots then, and people aren’t terrified into behaving well. But they can be persuaded, they can be 11)cajoled and they can be laughed, if you like, into behaving. The unexpected humour and humanity of the wall paintings shows[sic] the real vitality that characterised the Church’s teaching.   吉尔博士:他手里挥舞着的就是他的武器,在发脾气,勃然大怒。
  理查德:这边下面这个……
  吉尔博士:下面这个实际上是很难描绘的,因为这位就是嫉妒先生。我猜他大概是紧抓住自己的腰带正指着什么,所以我想他应该就是,看着那边的那些邻居们,希望得到别人拥有的一切。
  理查德:我想在树顶上的是色欲了。
  吉尔博士:对。
  理查德:是不是拥抱在一起的那对?
  吉尔博士:是啊,他们正在面对面一个劲儿地热吻、拥抱。
  理查德:哦。
  吉尔博士:他们在最顶上。理查德:贪婪,爱慕钱财。
  吉尔博士:贪婪,老守财奴。
  理查德:画这些画的目的到底是什么呢?设立七宗罪这些教条又是为了什么?
  吉尔博士:这些可不仅仅是在传达一种信息,它们是要帮助你改变你的生活。由于这幅作品用了幽默和讽刺的手法,同时还加上了一点恐吓,它会调动你所有的情感,让你永远无法忘怀。
  理查德:我感觉到了这幅画表现出的热情,以及对人性的深刻描划。
  你不能只是简单地对人们说:“你不应该骄傲自大”,或者“你不应该有嫉妒心”。当今的人不是傻子,以前的人当然也不是。你不能通过恐吓让人老老实实,好好做人,但是可以劝诫他们,可以哄骗他们,甚至可以用幽默来规范他们的行为。壁画上意想不到的人性和幽默,说明当时教堂的训导中体现了十足的活力。
  文化交流站
  Ten Commandants 十诫:犹太教和基督教的诫条。据《圣经·出埃及记》载,十诫是耶和华亲授,并命摩西颁布施行的。犹太人奉之为生活的准则,也是最初的法律条文。十诫的内容是:除了耶和华,不许拜别神;不许制造和敬拜偶像;不许妄称耶和华名;须守安息日为圣日;须孝敬父母;不许杀人;不许好淫;不许偷盗;不许作假证陷害人;不许贪恋他人妻子、仆婢和财物。
  Seven Deadly Sins 七宗罪:基督教教义中的七种罪过,属于人类恶行的分类。受过希腊神学及哲学教育的沙漠隐修士庞义伐最初定义出八种损害个人灵性的恶行,后由13世纪道明会神父圣多玛斯·阿奎纳列举出各种恶行的表现。七宗罪的内容与排序在历史上有过变化,目前人们说的七宗罪通常指淫欲、贪食、贪婪、懒惰、暴怒、嫉妒和傲慢。
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