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直接引语变间接引语的过程实际上是恰当地转述别人的话的过程。这个过程关系到人称变化，时态变化以及时间、地点状语的变化。另外，直接引语的句式不同，其变成间接引语的方法也不同。
陈述句的间接引语（declarative sentences in indirect speech）
1. 情态动词的变化
含有情态动词的句子从直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，有以下几种情况：
①一般来说，情态动词从现在时推移为过去时，即使此时在直接引语中不表示过去时，例如：
“You may be able to answer this question,” he told me. →He told her that she might be able to answer that question.
②如果情态动词在直接引语中已经是过去时，那么变成间接引语时保持不变，例如：
“When I was in college I would study till two or three in the morning,” she recalled. →She recalled that when she had been in college she would study till two or three in the morning.
注意此句直接引语变成间接引语时，时间从句中的过去时was变成了过去完成时had been。因为直接引语中的情态助动词would表示过去时。
③情态动词如must, ought to, should 和had better 一般不变。但是must 表示“必须”时，在转述时可变为 had to或would have to。例如：
“I must go again next week,” he said. →He said he would have to go again the next week.
2. 条件句中的间接引语
在含有条件句从句的直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，时态保持不变或按一般规则变化。例如：
He said, “If I get a seat on the plane I’ll be home in five hours.” →He said that if he got a seat on the plane he’d be home in five hours.
在“if从句＋请求、命令、劝告或问句”这类的句子中，可用tell/ask/advice＋宾语＋不定式引述或用say＋主语＋should/be＋不定式形式，例如：
He said, “If you have time, clean the windows./could you clean the windows?” →He told/asked me to clean the windows if I had time. →He said that if I had time I was to clean the windows.
3. 虚拟语气的时态变化
①当直接引语用虚拟语气时，间接引语中虚拟语气动词时态不必改变，在wish, would rather/sooner和it is time后的非真实过去时也不变，例如:
“We wish we didn’t have to take exams,” said the children. →The children said they wished they didn’t have to take exams.
“It’s time we began thinking about our holidays.” said Mr Pitt. →Mr Pitt said that it was time they began thinking about their holidays.
②过去时中的虚拟语气或假设过去时推移到过去完成时，间接引语虚拟语气和语气动词时态改变。例如：
“If he were here, he would vote for the motion,” she said. →She said that if he had been there, he would have voted for the motion.
“If she stayed another day, he would drive her home,” he said. →He told me that if she had stayed another day, he would have driven her home.
疑问句的间接引语(Questions in indirect speech)
引用的原话如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，yes-no问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句，用连词whether或if引导从句；而wh-问句则重复原来的疑问词。无论以上提到的哪一种问句，变为间接引语时，通常要按照陈述句的语序把动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语的后面。人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等，和陈述句一样也要作相应的变化。例如主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked。如果疑问句没有间接宾语，须加一个间接宾语（如me，him，us等)；如果在said后面已有to me，to us等，应将to去掉。例如：
“Do you live here?” she asked. →She asked him if (whether) he lived there.
He asked, “Are you a worker or a peasant?” →He asked me whether I was a worker or a peasant.
“What is the matter with granny?” said Xiao Li →Xiao Li asked what was the matter with granny.
注意以下幾点：
①直接引语是个问句时，对话引导词可以用say或ask,但间接引语是个问句时，必须要用询问动词，如ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等。
He said, “Where is the station?” →He asked where the station was.
Ask, inquire, wonder也可用于直接引语中，通常位于句末。例如：
“Where is the station?” he inquired.
②间接引语中ask后可接被指称的人，例如：
He asked, “what have you got in my bag?” →He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
但是inquire, wonder, want to know却不能带间接宾语，因此如果在引述一个问句需要提及被指称的人，必须用ask。
③if和whether都可用于引导yes-no问句、选择问句或反意疑问句，一般来说if比whether用得多一些。
混合句型的间接引语(Mixed types of sentences in indirect speech)
如果各类句式混杂使用，如陈述句＋疑问，疑问句＋命令句，命令句＋陈述句，或者三个兼而有之，那么引述时除了要注意上述有关变化之外，有时还得根据意义需要增添词语，或调整句子结构，甚至改变说法。有下面几种情况：
一般每种类型的句子都有各自的引述动词，例如：
“I’m a student. Are you a teacher?”→He said (that) he was a student and asked if I was a teacher.
有时最后一个句子是陈述句，辅助说明第一句，此时可以用as 引导，而不必另用一个引导词。例如：
“You’d better wear a coat. It’s very cold out,” he said. →He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.
有时第二个引导动词可用分词形式。例如：
“Please, please, don’t drink too much! Remember that you’ll have to drive home.” she said. →She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he’d have to drive home.
“Could you show me how to work it? I’m not used to electric typewriters.” →She asked him to show her how to work it, explaining that she wasn’t used to electric typewriters.
有时要根据意思调整句子结构。例如：
“I shall like some tea, please.” →He asked politely for some tea.
A: Hey! Did you win yesterday’s match?
B: No, we didn’t.
A: What a pity! Better luck next time.→He shouted to attract our attention and asked us if we had won the previous day’s match. When we said we had not, he expressed his sympathy and wished us better luck the next time.
[【練习】]
在间接引语部分填空，每空一词：
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that______never______ meat.
2. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that______home with her.
3. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______me that he ______met her the day ______.
4. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I______to go ______ before five.
5. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He ______I had seen her the week______.
6. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother______ found it.
[【参考答案】]
1. he, ate
2. she, had, taken
3. told, had, before
4. had, there
5. asked, if /whether, before
6. how, she, had
陈述句的间接引语（declarative sentences in indirect speech）
1. 情态动词的变化
含有情态动词的句子从直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，有以下几种情况：
①一般来说，情态动词从现在时推移为过去时，即使此时在直接引语中不表示过去时，例如：
“You may be able to answer this question,” he told me. →He told her that she might be able to answer that question.
②如果情态动词在直接引语中已经是过去时，那么变成间接引语时保持不变，例如：
“When I was in college I would study till two or three in the morning,” she recalled. →She recalled that when she had been in college she would study till two or three in the morning.
注意此句直接引语变成间接引语时，时间从句中的过去时was变成了过去完成时had been。因为直接引语中的情态助动词would表示过去时。
③情态动词如must, ought to, should 和had better 一般不变。但是must 表示“必须”时，在转述时可变为 had to或would have to。例如：
“I must go again next week,” he said. →He said he would have to go again the next week.
2. 条件句中的间接引语
在含有条件句从句的直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，时态保持不变或按一般规则变化。例如：
He said, “If I get a seat on the plane I’ll be home in five hours.” →He said that if he got a seat on the plane he’d be home in five hours.
在“if从句＋请求、命令、劝告或问句”这类的句子中，可用tell/ask/advice＋宾语＋不定式引述或用say＋主语＋should/be＋不定式形式，例如：
He said, “If you have time, clean the windows./could you clean the windows?” →He told/asked me to clean the windows if I had time. →He said that if I had time I was to clean the windows.
3. 虚拟语气的时态变化
①当直接引语用虚拟语气时，间接引语中虚拟语气动词时态不必改变，在wish, would rather/sooner和it is time后的非真实过去时也不变，例如:
“We wish we didn’t have to take exams,” said the children. →The children said they wished they didn’t have to take exams.
“It’s time we began thinking about our holidays.” said Mr Pitt. →Mr Pitt said that it was time they began thinking about their holidays.
②过去时中的虚拟语气或假设过去时推移到过去完成时，间接引语虚拟语气和语气动词时态改变。例如：
“If he were here, he would vote for the motion,” she said. →She said that if he had been there, he would have voted for the motion.
“If she stayed another day, he would drive her home,” he said. →He told me that if she had stayed another day, he would have driven her home.
疑问句的间接引语(Questions in indirect speech)
引用的原话如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，yes-no问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句，用连词whether或if引导从句；而wh-问句则重复原来的疑问词。无论以上提到的哪一种问句，变为间接引语时，通常要按照陈述句的语序把动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语的后面。人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等，和陈述句一样也要作相应的变化。例如主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked。如果疑问句没有间接宾语，须加一个间接宾语（如me，him，us等)；如果在said后面已有to me，to us等，应将to去掉。例如：
“Do you live here?” she asked. →She asked him if (whether) he lived there.
He asked, “Are you a worker or a peasant?” →He asked me whether I was a worker or a peasant.
“What is the matter with granny?” said Xiao Li →Xiao Li asked what was the matter with granny.
注意以下幾点：
①直接引语是个问句时，对话引导词可以用say或ask,但间接引语是个问句时，必须要用询问动词，如ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等。
He said, “Where is the station?” →He asked where the station was.
Ask, inquire, wonder也可用于直接引语中，通常位于句末。例如：
“Where is the station?” he inquired.
②间接引语中ask后可接被指称的人，例如：
He asked, “what have you got in my bag?” →He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
但是inquire, wonder, want to know却不能带间接宾语，因此如果在引述一个问句需要提及被指称的人，必须用ask。
③if和whether都可用于引导yes-no问句、选择问句或反意疑问句，一般来说if比whether用得多一些。
混合句型的间接引语(Mixed types of sentences in indirect speech)
如果各类句式混杂使用，如陈述句＋疑问，疑问句＋命令句，命令句＋陈述句，或者三个兼而有之，那么引述时除了要注意上述有关变化之外，有时还得根据意义需要增添词语，或调整句子结构，甚至改变说法。有下面几种情况：
一般每种类型的句子都有各自的引述动词，例如：
“I’m a student. Are you a teacher?”→He said (that) he was a student and asked if I was a teacher.
有时最后一个句子是陈述句，辅助说明第一句，此时可以用as 引导，而不必另用一个引导词。例如：
“You’d better wear a coat. It’s very cold out,” he said. →He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.
有时第二个引导动词可用分词形式。例如：
“Please, please, don’t drink too much! Remember that you’ll have to drive home.” she said. →She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he’d have to drive home.
“Could you show me how to work it? I’m not used to electric typewriters.” →She asked him to show her how to work it, explaining that she wasn’t used to electric typewriters.
有时要根据意思调整句子结构。例如：
“I shall like some tea, please.” →He asked politely for some tea.
A: Hey! Did you win yesterday’s match?
B: No, we didn’t.
A: What a pity! Better luck next time.→He shouted to attract our attention and asked us if we had won the previous day’s match. When we said we had not, he expressed his sympathy and wished us better luck the next time.
[【練习】]
在间接引语部分填空，每空一词：
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that______never______ meat.
2. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that______home with her.
3. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______me that he ______met her the day ______.
4. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I______to go ______ before five.
5. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He ______I had seen her the week______.
6. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother______ found it.
[【参考答案】]
1. he, ate
2. she, had, taken
3. told, had, before
4. had, there
5. asked, if /whether, before
6. how, she, had