论文部分内容阅读
郑远涛 译
今年是法国大选年，法国人民将在四五月间选举出一位新的总统。与以往不同的是，这一届的总统候选人当中首次出现了女性——代表社会党参选的塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔女士。多少年来，法国政坛都是男人的天下，异军突起的罗亚尔无疑使人眼前一亮。这位衣着优雅、笑容可掬、现年54岁的女士深得民众的拥戴，在2006年被选为法国人最喜爱的50位名人之一，连她穿比基尼泳装的海滩照都被媒体偷拍并刊登出来，成为一时的热门话题，俨如娱乐界明星。有人因此担心她门面大于实质，更有人批评她在外交内政方面都缺乏经验，远远不如其竞争对手—内政部长萨尔科奇来得成熟老练。罗亚尔今年1月来华访问，便被视为她在外交上恶补功课的举动。其实，罗亚尔女士曾经历任部长，决非庸碌之辈。
法国社会近年历经欧宪草案搁浅、巴黎郊区骚乱、首次雇佣合约（CPE）受阻等一系列波折，急需变革的力量。这种需要，为政治上的后起之秀提供了着力点。无论是罗亚尔抑或萨尔科奇，都敏锐地把握着民众的心理，扬起了变革的大旗。罗亚尔能否赢得大选，入主爱丽舍宫，接替年迈的总统希拉克，其实并不是问题的关键——关键在于妇女在政治舞台上发出了自己的声音，因为它传扬的是值得全人类骄傲的男女平等之讯。
In the 1)fusty and 2)unrelentingly 3)chauvinistic gentlemen’s club of French politics, Séolèe Royal is a one-woman revolution. She is up against cen-turies of 4)ingrained sexism, but there is a growing sense that this elegant 5)luminary of the Socialist Party could become France’s first 6)Madame la Préidente.
Opinion polls suggest the 2007 presidential elections will 7)pit two of the country’s brightest rising stars against one another: Séo versus Sarko, the ambitious right-wing interior minister, Nicolas Sarkozy. Mr. Sarkozy has had the good grace to say he respects his rival, and even President Jacques Chirac’s wife Bernadette said she was a serious candidate “who might even win.?
In fact just about everyone has something nice to say about Séolèe Royal-apart from the so-called ?)dinosaurs?in her own party. The very suggestion that Ms. Royal, a mother of four, might be 9)clack-clacking her way to the 10)Elysée Palace in 11)stilettos and Chanel-style suits has clearly 12)stoked the 13)machismo rooted in 14)Gallic public life.
Mention the in-party 15)squabbling and Ms. Royal’s eyes lose their twinkle, even if she keeps on smiling. “listen, it would be very 16)monotonous if one only had admirers,?she said, a trace of steel in the voice. “lt’s pretty simple. If a man had been an adviser to the President of the Republic as I was to President Mitterrand for seven years, if he had been a minister three times and elected as an 17)MP four times consecutively as I have been, if he had beaten the then Prime Minister in the last regional elections as I did, would he find his legitimacy contested and his capacity to govern questioned? No.?
She added that the example of Angela Merkel, who remains popular in Germany as 18)chancellor, proves it is time for primitive attitudes to change.
In person Séolèe Royal is charm 19)personified-far from the cold 20)authoritarian her 21)detractors portray. Born in 22)Dakar, 23)Senegal, in 1953, she was the fourth of eight children of a 24)Catholic, conservative French army 25)colonel who held 26)strident right-wing and anti-feminist views. In his book Madame Royal, the journalist Daniel Bernard describes her father Jacques as a “Colonel with a 27)monocle and a shaved head.?A 28)stickler for discipline, he imposed on his tribe of children “a harsh life of deprivations and punishments in the middle of which 29)mass and 30)vespers were almost distractions,?according to Bernard. Séolèe was the rebel who knew all about toughness and 31)intransigence.
Ms. Royal said she became interested in politics around the age of 16 when she was “passionate about political debates on the television.?She was an exceptional student and gained a place at the prestigious 32)Ecole Nationale d’Administration-the hothouse for France’s political elite. Here she met her partner, Francis Hollande, the leader of the Socialist Party and father of her four children, aged 14-22.
After graduating in 1980 both were appointed advisers to the Socialist President Francis Mitterrand. Ms. Royal was later Education Minister, Environment Minister, and Family and Childhood Minister.
Having worked through pregnancies and motherhood, Ms. Royal says she understands the 33)juggling involved in maintaining a career and a family. “lt’s difficult but it’s enriching. Today my children have grown up but I am 34)vigilant with my 14-year-old daughter because she’s the one who is under the most pressure,?she said. “But the others have passed their 35)baccalaurét, are happy and haven’t been damaged by my political engagement.
“lf anyone has suffered, it’s me. I wasn’t always there at the school entrance or when needed, but the children tell me that I’m the one who has suffered and they’re fine. They support me and that’s a great comfort.?
What her partner of 25 years-sometimes jokingly called Monsieur Royal-thinks of her presidential chances is anyone’s guess. In 2005, Mr. Hollande had ambitions of his own to lead the country before being left 36)trailing in the polls. As a result the subject is reportedly avoided in the family home.
Politically Ms. Royal describes herself as a “social democrat?who believes “we have to propose new solutions that 37)reconcile social progress, the reduction of inequality and economic efficiency.?She has bravely called for a more “8)supple”approach to the Socialists‘39)sacred cow, the 35-hour working week, and even praised 40)Tony Blair in an interview with the Financial Times, giving the dinosaurs another chance to 41)maul her. “l was heavily criticised for saying what I did about Tony Blair, but I stand by it. My political 42)backbone is not formed by 43)caricaturing others,?she said. “there are things I don’t agree with, such as the war in Iraq, but I recognise that he has given his country a wonderful boost.?
When it comes to values, there is something of the younger Blair in her convictions as well. “l am a Socialist and at the same time clear about a certain number of values...family values, environmental values, the value of succeeding at school, the value of merit and respect for work. To me these are not incompatible with being of the left.?
The big question is whether, when push comes to polling day, France is ready for a Royal presidency. This is, after all, a country where women got the vote only in 1944, where only 71 of the 577 MPs are women and where political parties prefer to pay 44)fines than adhere to legal quotas for women candidates.
“lt depends on her conviction, qualities, those around her...and her courage. But the opinion polls suggest France is ready [for a female president],?said Ms. Royal.
在法国政坛这个陈腐而极其自大的男性世界里，塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔以女儿身独力掀起了一场革命。她需要与千百年来根深蒂固的性别歧视抗争，但众人越来越感觉到，这位明星般的优雅的社会党人可能会成为法国第一位女总统。
民意调查显示，2007年的总统选举将是罗亚尔与萨尔科奇之争，两人同是法国政坛最耀眼的新星。雄心勃勃的萨尔科奇是右翼的内政部长，全名尼古拉斯·萨尔科奇；他曾经饶有雅量地说，对手罗亚尔是他所敬重的人。就连雅克·希拉克总统的夫人贝尔纳黛特也认为，罗亚尔是个不可小觑的候选人，“有希望从中胜出”。
事实上，几乎人人都对塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔称赞有加—除了她自己党内守旧的人物以外。一想到有四个子女的罗亚尔女士可能会脚踏高跟鞋、身穿香奈尔款式的套装，袅袅婷婷地入主爱丽舍宫，怀有顽固的男权思想的那部分法国人显然被触怒了。
被问到社会党内部的争议时，罗亚尔女士虽然笑容不变，眼神却黯淡下来。“注意，如果一个人只有崇拜者，那是很单调的。”她语气坚定地说，“很简单，如果一个男人像我一样给密特朗总统当过七年顾问，做过三任部长，连续四届被选为议会议员，并在上一次的地区选举中击败了当时的总理而当选，会有人认为他不够资格参选总统、怀疑他的执政能力吗？不会。”
她接着举出在德国持续受欢迎的女总理安吉拉·默克尔这个例子证明，现在是时候改变陈旧的观念了。
塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔本人是魅力的典范，一点都不像诽谤她的人所刻画的那样冷漠无情、独断专横。她1953年在塞内加尔首都达喀尔出生，在家里8个孩子中排行第4，父亲是个天主教徒、保守的法国陆军上校，观点绝对右派，反对女权主义。记者丹尼尔·伯纳德在其著作《罗亚尔夫人》中把她的父亲雅克描述为“一个戴单边眼镜、剃光头的上校”。这个坚守清规戒律的人加诸其儿女身上的是“一种毫无乐趣且动辄得咎的艰苦生活，在这种氛围里，弥撒和晚祷几乎成了孩子们的娱乐活动。”伯纳德书里的塞戈莱娜，是个性格坚毅、毫不妥协的叛逆者。
罗亚尔女士自言，她16岁左右开始“对电视上的政治辩论着迷”，由此对政治产生兴趣。她学习出色，考上享有盛名的国家行政学院—培育法国政界精英的摇篮。就在这个学院，她邂逅了伴侣弗朗索瓦·贺兰德，现任社会党主席。两人育有4个子女，年龄最小的15岁，最大的23岁。
1980年，他俩大学毕业后都受聘为当时的总统、隶属社会党的弗朗索瓦·密特朗的顾问。罗亚尔女士后来历任教育部长、环境部长、家庭及儿童部部长之职。
罗亚尔女士说，怀孕和做母亲的经历，使她懂得要兼顾事业和家庭是怎样一项挑战。“是很难，但也让人生更充实。今天我的孩子大多已经长大成人，但我很关心14岁的女儿，因为她此时承受的压力最大。”她说，“其他孩子都中学毕业了，生活得很快乐，没有因为我投身政界而受到伤害。”
“如果说有人经受折磨，那就是我了。我没法经常接他们放学，他们需要我的时候，我也有时不在身边。不过孩子们告诉我，其实是我自己觉得对不起他们罢了，他们好着呢。他们支持我，这是很大的安慰。”
至于她25年的伴侣（有人用女方的姓氏戏称他为“罗亚尔先生”）对她竞选总统作何感想，对此人们只是纷纷猜测，不得而知。在2005年，贺兰德先生曾经意图参选总统，却在民意调查中远远落后。据说因为这样，从此罗亚尔一家私底下避谈这个话题。
在政治上，罗亚尔女士形容自己是一个“社会民主主义者”，相信“我们必须提出新的解决方法，来调和社会进步、不平等的减少以及经济效率三者之间的关系”。她勇敢地呼吁要更“灵活地”对待社会党人的圣物——每周35小时工作制，她甚至在接受《金融时报》访谈时赞扬托尼·布莱尔，这使得党内守旧派再次逮住机会抨击她。“我谈论托尼·布莱尔的那些话备受批评，但是我决不收回。我的政治纲领不在于嘲讽别人。”她说，“他做的有些事我是不赞成的，比方说出兵伊拉克，但我也看到他对自己国家的发展所带来的有力推动。”
谈到价值观，她的信念同样带有布莱尔年轻时的影子。“我是社会党人，但同时也很清楚某些东西的重要性……家庭的重要性、环境的重要性、在学校里表现良好的重要性、良好素质和尊重工作的重要性。对我来说，这些价值观与身处左翼并不是不相容的。”
关键的问题是，投票日到来之时，法国是否做好了让罗亚尔就任总统的准备。毕竟，在这个国家，妇女直到1944年才取得选举权，当前577名议员中只有71名是女性，而有些政党宁可支付罚款，也不愿让女性候选人的数目达到法定要求。
“这取决于任何一位女性的信念、素质、周围的一切……以及她的勇气。不过民意调查显示，法国似乎已经做好（接受一个女总统的）准备了。”罗亚尔女士如是说。
小资料
法国的总统选举制
目前法国的国家体制是戴高乐总统于1958年创立的第五共和国的体制。这一体制不同于美国的总统制，也不同于英国的议会制，而是二者的结合。第五共和国的宪法规定，法国的总统选举实行单记名多数两轮淘汰制，由每个法国公民直接投票选举产生。第一轮若有人获得半数以上选票，便当选总统。若无人得票过半，则票数排前两位的候选人在第二轮中再行角逐，得票多者为胜。
法国总统任期曾经一直为7年。2000年6月，总统希拉克提出修改宪法，实行总统5年任期制，并由国民议会和参议院分别表决通过，同年9月法国全民公决批准了这一修宪议案，从此，法国总统任期为5年。
注：本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。
今年是法国大选年，法国人民将在四五月间选举出一位新的总统。与以往不同的是，这一届的总统候选人当中首次出现了女性——代表社会党参选的塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔女士。多少年来，法国政坛都是男人的天下，异军突起的罗亚尔无疑使人眼前一亮。这位衣着优雅、笑容可掬、现年54岁的女士深得民众的拥戴，在2006年被选为法国人最喜爱的50位名人之一，连她穿比基尼泳装的海滩照都被媒体偷拍并刊登出来，成为一时的热门话题，俨如娱乐界明星。有人因此担心她门面大于实质，更有人批评她在外交内政方面都缺乏经验，远远不如其竞争对手—内政部长萨尔科奇来得成熟老练。罗亚尔今年1月来华访问，便被视为她在外交上恶补功课的举动。其实，罗亚尔女士曾经历任部长，决非庸碌之辈。
法国社会近年历经欧宪草案搁浅、巴黎郊区骚乱、首次雇佣合约（CPE）受阻等一系列波折，急需变革的力量。这种需要，为政治上的后起之秀提供了着力点。无论是罗亚尔抑或萨尔科奇，都敏锐地把握着民众的心理，扬起了变革的大旗。罗亚尔能否赢得大选，入主爱丽舍宫，接替年迈的总统希拉克，其实并不是问题的关键——关键在于妇女在政治舞台上发出了自己的声音，因为它传扬的是值得全人类骄傲的男女平等之讯。
In the 1)fusty and 2)unrelentingly 3)chauvinistic gentlemen’s club of French politics, Séolèe Royal is a one-woman revolution. She is up against cen-turies of 4)ingrained sexism, but there is a growing sense that this elegant 5)luminary of the Socialist Party could become France’s first 6)Madame la Préidente.
Opinion polls suggest the 2007 presidential elections will 7)pit two of the country’s brightest rising stars against one another: Séo versus Sarko, the ambitious right-wing interior minister, Nicolas Sarkozy. Mr. Sarkozy has had the good grace to say he respects his rival, and even President Jacques Chirac’s wife Bernadette said she was a serious candidate “who might even win.?
In fact just about everyone has something nice to say about Séolèe Royal-apart from the so-called ?)dinosaurs?in her own party. The very suggestion that Ms. Royal, a mother of four, might be 9)clack-clacking her way to the 10)Elysée Palace in 11)stilettos and Chanel-style suits has clearly 12)stoked the 13)machismo rooted in 14)Gallic public life.
Mention the in-party 15)squabbling and Ms. Royal’s eyes lose their twinkle, even if she keeps on smiling. “listen, it would be very 16)monotonous if one only had admirers,?she said, a trace of steel in the voice. “lt’s pretty simple. If a man had been an adviser to the President of the Republic as I was to President Mitterrand for seven years, if he had been a minister three times and elected as an 17)MP four times consecutively as I have been, if he had beaten the then Prime Minister in the last regional elections as I did, would he find his legitimacy contested and his capacity to govern questioned? No.?
She added that the example of Angela Merkel, who remains popular in Germany as 18)chancellor, proves it is time for primitive attitudes to change.
In person Séolèe Royal is charm 19)personified-far from the cold 20)authoritarian her 21)detractors portray. Born in 22)Dakar, 23)Senegal, in 1953, she was the fourth of eight children of a 24)Catholic, conservative French army 25)colonel who held 26)strident right-wing and anti-feminist views. In his book Madame Royal, the journalist Daniel Bernard describes her father Jacques as a “Colonel with a 27)monocle and a shaved head.?A 28)stickler for discipline, he imposed on his tribe of children “a harsh life of deprivations and punishments in the middle of which 29)mass and 30)vespers were almost distractions,?according to Bernard. Séolèe was the rebel who knew all about toughness and 31)intransigence.
Ms. Royal said she became interested in politics around the age of 16 when she was “passionate about political debates on the television.?She was an exceptional student and gained a place at the prestigious 32)Ecole Nationale d’Administration-the hothouse for France’s political elite. Here she met her partner, Francis Hollande, the leader of the Socialist Party and father of her four children, aged 14-22.
After graduating in 1980 both were appointed advisers to the Socialist President Francis Mitterrand. Ms. Royal was later Education Minister, Environment Minister, and Family and Childhood Minister.
Having worked through pregnancies and motherhood, Ms. Royal says she understands the 33)juggling involved in maintaining a career and a family. “lt’s difficult but it’s enriching. Today my children have grown up but I am 34)vigilant with my 14-year-old daughter because she’s the one who is under the most pressure,?she said. “But the others have passed their 35)baccalaurét, are happy and haven’t been damaged by my political engagement.
“lf anyone has suffered, it’s me. I wasn’t always there at the school entrance or when needed, but the children tell me that I’m the one who has suffered and they’re fine. They support me and that’s a great comfort.?
What her partner of 25 years-sometimes jokingly called Monsieur Royal-thinks of her presidential chances is anyone’s guess. In 2005, Mr. Hollande had ambitions of his own to lead the country before being left 36)trailing in the polls. As a result the subject is reportedly avoided in the family home.
Politically Ms. Royal describes herself as a “social democrat?who believes “we have to propose new solutions that 37)reconcile social progress, the reduction of inequality and economic efficiency.?She has bravely called for a more “8)supple”approach to the Socialists‘39)sacred cow, the 35-hour working week, and even praised 40)Tony Blair in an interview with the Financial Times, giving the dinosaurs another chance to 41)maul her. “l was heavily criticised for saying what I did about Tony Blair, but I stand by it. My political 42)backbone is not formed by 43)caricaturing others,?she said. “there are things I don’t agree with, such as the war in Iraq, but I recognise that he has given his country a wonderful boost.?
When it comes to values, there is something of the younger Blair in her convictions as well. “l am a Socialist and at the same time clear about a certain number of values...family values, environmental values, the value of succeeding at school, the value of merit and respect for work. To me these are not incompatible with being of the left.?
The big question is whether, when push comes to polling day, France is ready for a Royal presidency. This is, after all, a country where women got the vote only in 1944, where only 71 of the 577 MPs are women and where political parties prefer to pay 44)fines than adhere to legal quotas for women candidates.
“lt depends on her conviction, qualities, those around her...and her courage. But the opinion polls suggest France is ready [for a female president],?said Ms. Royal.
在法国政坛这个陈腐而极其自大的男性世界里，塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔以女儿身独力掀起了一场革命。她需要与千百年来根深蒂固的性别歧视抗争，但众人越来越感觉到，这位明星般的优雅的社会党人可能会成为法国第一位女总统。
民意调查显示，2007年的总统选举将是罗亚尔与萨尔科奇之争，两人同是法国政坛最耀眼的新星。雄心勃勃的萨尔科奇是右翼的内政部长，全名尼古拉斯·萨尔科奇；他曾经饶有雅量地说，对手罗亚尔是他所敬重的人。就连雅克·希拉克总统的夫人贝尔纳黛特也认为，罗亚尔是个不可小觑的候选人，“有希望从中胜出”。
事实上，几乎人人都对塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔称赞有加—除了她自己党内守旧的人物以外。一想到有四个子女的罗亚尔女士可能会脚踏高跟鞋、身穿香奈尔款式的套装，袅袅婷婷地入主爱丽舍宫，怀有顽固的男权思想的那部分法国人显然被触怒了。
被问到社会党内部的争议时，罗亚尔女士虽然笑容不变，眼神却黯淡下来。“注意，如果一个人只有崇拜者，那是很单调的。”她语气坚定地说，“很简单，如果一个男人像我一样给密特朗总统当过七年顾问，做过三任部长，连续四届被选为议会议员，并在上一次的地区选举中击败了当时的总理而当选，会有人认为他不够资格参选总统、怀疑他的执政能力吗？不会。”
她接着举出在德国持续受欢迎的女总理安吉拉·默克尔这个例子证明，现在是时候改变陈旧的观念了。
塞戈莱娜·罗亚尔本人是魅力的典范，一点都不像诽谤她的人所刻画的那样冷漠无情、独断专横。她1953年在塞内加尔首都达喀尔出生，在家里8个孩子中排行第4，父亲是个天主教徒、保守的法国陆军上校，观点绝对右派，反对女权主义。记者丹尼尔·伯纳德在其著作《罗亚尔夫人》中把她的父亲雅克描述为“一个戴单边眼镜、剃光头的上校”。这个坚守清规戒律的人加诸其儿女身上的是“一种毫无乐趣且动辄得咎的艰苦生活，在这种氛围里，弥撒和晚祷几乎成了孩子们的娱乐活动。”伯纳德书里的塞戈莱娜，是个性格坚毅、毫不妥协的叛逆者。
罗亚尔女士自言，她16岁左右开始“对电视上的政治辩论着迷”，由此对政治产生兴趣。她学习出色，考上享有盛名的国家行政学院—培育法国政界精英的摇篮。就在这个学院，她邂逅了伴侣弗朗索瓦·贺兰德，现任社会党主席。两人育有4个子女，年龄最小的15岁，最大的23岁。
1980年，他俩大学毕业后都受聘为当时的总统、隶属社会党的弗朗索瓦·密特朗的顾问。罗亚尔女士后来历任教育部长、环境部长、家庭及儿童部部长之职。
罗亚尔女士说，怀孕和做母亲的经历，使她懂得要兼顾事业和家庭是怎样一项挑战。“是很难，但也让人生更充实。今天我的孩子大多已经长大成人，但我很关心14岁的女儿，因为她此时承受的压力最大。”她说，“其他孩子都中学毕业了，生活得很快乐，没有因为我投身政界而受到伤害。”
“如果说有人经受折磨，那就是我了。我没法经常接他们放学，他们需要我的时候，我也有时不在身边。不过孩子们告诉我，其实是我自己觉得对不起他们罢了，他们好着呢。他们支持我，这是很大的安慰。”
至于她25年的伴侣（有人用女方的姓氏戏称他为“罗亚尔先生”）对她竞选总统作何感想，对此人们只是纷纷猜测，不得而知。在2005年，贺兰德先生曾经意图参选总统，却在民意调查中远远落后。据说因为这样，从此罗亚尔一家私底下避谈这个话题。
在政治上，罗亚尔女士形容自己是一个“社会民主主义者”，相信“我们必须提出新的解决方法，来调和社会进步、不平等的减少以及经济效率三者之间的关系”。她勇敢地呼吁要更“灵活地”对待社会党人的圣物——每周35小时工作制，她甚至在接受《金融时报》访谈时赞扬托尼·布莱尔，这使得党内守旧派再次逮住机会抨击她。“我谈论托尼·布莱尔的那些话备受批评，但是我决不收回。我的政治纲领不在于嘲讽别人。”她说，“他做的有些事我是不赞成的，比方说出兵伊拉克，但我也看到他对自己国家的发展所带来的有力推动。”
谈到价值观，她的信念同样带有布莱尔年轻时的影子。“我是社会党人，但同时也很清楚某些东西的重要性……家庭的重要性、环境的重要性、在学校里表现良好的重要性、良好素质和尊重工作的重要性。对我来说，这些价值观与身处左翼并不是不相容的。”
关键的问题是，投票日到来之时，法国是否做好了让罗亚尔就任总统的准备。毕竟，在这个国家，妇女直到1944年才取得选举权，当前577名议员中只有71名是女性，而有些政党宁可支付罚款，也不愿让女性候选人的数目达到法定要求。
“这取决于任何一位女性的信念、素质、周围的一切……以及她的勇气。不过民意调查显示，法国似乎已经做好（接受一个女总统的）准备了。”罗亚尔女士如是说。
小资料
法国的总统选举制
目前法国的国家体制是戴高乐总统于1958年创立的第五共和国的体制。这一体制不同于美国的总统制，也不同于英国的议会制，而是二者的结合。第五共和国的宪法规定，法国的总统选举实行单记名多数两轮淘汰制，由每个法国公民直接投票选举产生。第一轮若有人获得半数以上选票，便当选总统。若无人得票过半，则票数排前两位的候选人在第二轮中再行角逐，得票多者为胜。
法国总统任期曾经一直为7年。2000年6月，总统希拉克提出修改宪法，实行总统5年任期制，并由国民议会和参议院分别表决通过，同年9月法国全民公决批准了这一修宪议案，从此，法国总统任期为5年。
注：本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。