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低温技术随着现代科学技术的发展,近年来有了很大的变化,尤其由于宇宙空间技术、原子核物理和超导技术的需要,使低温技术正向着大型化、微型化和超低温方向发展。低温一般是指7.7K 到4.2K 这一温区范围,4.2K 以下称深低温,在此温区范围内有液氮(77K)、液氖(27K)、液氢(20.4K)、液氦(4.2K),它们都广泛地用于真空技术、超导技术、红外技术、电子技术以及核物理、固体物理的研究中。通常将0.3K以下称为超低温,它提供了探索物质结构,开展理论研究的必要条件。目前,低温制冷技术已达到1mK 以下的超低温水平。
With the development of modern science and technology, cryogenic technology has undergone great changes in recent years. Especially due to the needs of cosmic space technology, nuclear physics and superconducting technology, the cryogenic technology is moving toward the direction of large-scale, miniaturization and ultra-low temperature. Low temperature generally refers to the 7.7K to 4.2K temperature range, 4.2K below the deep low temperature, in this temperature range of liquid nitrogen (77K), liquid neon (27K), liquid hydrogen (20.4K), liquid helium (4.2K), which are widely used in vacuum technology, superconductivity, infrared technology, electronic technology and nuclear physics, solid state physics research. Usually below 0.3K called ultra-low temperature, it provides the necessary conditions to explore the material structure, to carry out theoretical research. At present, cryogenic refrigeration technology has reached ultra-low temperature below 1mK.