论文部分内容阅读
摘要:初中基础阅读教学应以培养学生的阅读能力为主要目标,学习和掌握课文内容所涉及的语言知识(词汇、句型、语法和习惯用法等),培养学生适应几类常见的基本语体、文体的阅读能力,以及了解课文内容所涉及的文化背景,进而在阅读方法、阅读速度、阅读技巧和阅读理解的准确度和深度(阅读欣赏)上得到提高。在此基础上还应磨练和开发学生智力中阅读思维加工能力;培养学生收集和处理信息、获取新知识、学会分析解决问题的能力以及交流协作的能力。
关键词:基础阅读课 教学模式 初中英语
一、理论依据
现代阅读理论认为,阅读包括语言、心理、文化三个维度。阅读过程既是一个积极主动地思考、理解和接受信息的过程,也是一种复杂的心智活动和情感活动的过程。从表面看只是读者感知书面文字,理解文字所表达的内容。而实际上却是读者与读物、读者与作者、读者与社会、读者与自我四方面的语言交际活动,是读者实现心理满足的复杂的心理逻辑推理过程。所以一个完整的阅读过程大致可以分为四个阶段:感知(字、词、句、篇)、理解(从形式到内容,再从内容到形式)、评价(个人看法或鉴赏)、创造(独到见解或新的发现)。这其中,阅读主体的感知、联想、想象、创造是十分重要和必不可少的。
但是长期以来,英语阅读教学被圈在“文体课程”的小天地里,教师在教学过程中,侧重字面的理解和句法的分析,小步子前进,累积式发展,造成学生不能利用语篇中的主要信息进行积极地思考并进行有效的口头和笔头的交际活动。按照现代教育心理学的要求和英语新课程标准的要求,初中阅读教学的根本任务在于传授语言知识、发展学生的语言能力,培养基本的阅读技巧,使学生在阅读过程中能自觉运用基本阅读策略;在此基础上,深化课文的内涵并拓展其外延,在真实性阅读中认识社会和生活。
二、指导思想
教育心理学认为,为了使学生获得感性认识,产生清晰表象,就要指导学生对学习的对象进行周密细致的整体观察,然后再观察它的各部分及各部分之间的联系,最后形成有关学习对象的清晰表象。这就要求我们在进行阅读英语教学时遵循学生认知规律,运用整体教学的原则,充分利用课文提供的语言材料,指导学生先整体感知,表层理解,再利用多种教学手段加大力度,循环加深,最后整体推进,深层理解,真正培养学生良好的阅读习惯。注重开展多种生动活泼的活动,挖掘教材中的那些含有跨文化背景知识和社会内容的语言现象,并结合这些语言现象,广泛地向学生传授文化、语言、认知、文体等方面的知识,真正提高学生的英语应用能力。语言知识的教学必须遵循“词不离句、句不离文”的原则,引导学生运用所学词汇造情制境。因为任何语言材料只有组织到具体的句式中,用在一定的语境里才能表现出具体、确切的含义。同时听、说、读、写全面兼顾,整体训练,既达到阅读课文的教学目的,又使学生养成良好的阅读习惯,提高阅读理解能力,为以后更高层次的英语阅读奠定了基础。
三、目标定位
初中基础阅读教学以培养学生的阅读能力为主要目标,学习和掌握课文内容所涉及的语言知识(词汇、句型、语法和习惯用法等),培养学生适应几类常见的基本语体、文体的阅读能力,以及了解课文内容所涉及的文化背景,进而在阅读方法、阅读速度、阅读技巧和阅读理解的准确度和深度(阅读欣赏)上得到提高。在此基础上还应达到一个间接目标和一个潜在目标,即磨练和开发学生智力中阅读思维加工能力;培养学生收集和处理信息、获取新知识、学会分析解决问题的能力以及交流协作的能力。
四、教学模式设计
1.阅读前活动(pre?鄄reading activities for interest)——引出话题, 激发兴趣。
2.阅读过程活动(while?鄄reading activities for comprehension)——技巧训练,整体把握。
整体粗读,领略内容大意(literal comprehension)
分段细读,注意细节,注意语言结构(inferential comprehension)
整体重读,深层理解,掌握语言结构(critical comprehension)
3.阅读后活动(post?鄄reading activities for production)——活化教材,创造思维。
意义性练习(meaningful activities for consolidation)——设计检测,加深理解。
作业布置(assignments for improvement)——反馈教学,形成评价。
五、实施该模式的条件
1.教师角色定位
教师作为组织者、督促者、评价者、辅助者身份发挥其指导帮助作用。在教学过程中应善于营造宽松、和谐的学习氛围,充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主动性和积极性;教师应成为模式的主人,而不是模式的奴隶。因为教学模式只是一个整体操作框架,虽然有着相对稳定的教学程序,但在实施过程中,教师完全应该根据教学对象、教学目标、教学内容的不同而自行决定每个步骤的时间分配并可按需要取消或调整某些环节步骤。在阅读训练中,教师应穿插说的活动,在阅读后落实写的任务,因为输入的最终目的是为了输出。因此,读应该和说、写等有机结合起来。
2.学生角色
学生应以“合作交流、相互信任,诚实、坦诚、公正地对己对人”的态度积极参与各个交流互动过程。争取在这些过程中真正做到相互启迪、取长补短、共同提高。
3.角色互动
在阅读教学过程中,实行“师与生、生与生”角色之间的多向交流,建立一个接纳的、支持性的、宽容的课堂气氛,营造一个和谐、融洽、平等的学习氛围,建构师生对话、共同发展的“交互式”教学活动方式。
六、操作程序暨教学实例一则
Reading Material?押
THE STUPID TURTLE
Once there was a turtle who was dying of hunger and thirst. His lake was dry so he had no food or water. His friends?熏 the egrets?熏 wanted to carry him to another lake. “But how can we do that?芽” they asked. “I know a way,” said the turtle. He told two of them to find a long stick. “Now?熏” he said?熏 “each of you hold one end of the stick in your beak. I will hold onto the middle of the stick.”
So the egrets took the stick and flew high into the sky carrying the turtle. They flew on and on. Suddenly they heard a cry from the people down below.
“Look how clever the egrets are?选 They?蒺re carrying the turle through the sky?选” The turle felt hurt to hear the people say it was the egrets who were so clever. He had to let the people know that he was the clever one. So he began to shout as loud as he he could?熏 “I…”But as soon as he opened his mouth?熏 of course?熏 he fell headfirst to the ground.
Before reading ?穴Previewing?雪
1.Ask?押 Do you have a pet?芽 What is it?芽 Does anyone have a pet turtle?芽 What can a turtle do?芽 What can?蒺t a turtle do?芽 Encourage students to answer. Write their answers on the board. For example?熏
A turtle can swim. A turtle can?蒺t fly.
A turtle can walk slowly. A turtle can?蒺t run.
A turtle can eat leaves. A turtle can?蒺t eat meat.
A turtle can drink water. A turtle can?蒺t carry a stick.
Let half of the class read the sentences of “What a turtle can do.” The other half read “What a turtle can?蒺t do.”
2.Students look at the picture. Ask “yes” or “no” questions.
Is the turtle climbing a big log?芽
Is the turtle swimming?芽
Are there two white birds?芽
Do they have a long stick in their beaks or mouths?芽
Are they going to hit the turtle with the stick?芽
Do you think they will help the turtle?芽
Do you think a turtle is a stupid animal?芽
3.Students read the title. lntroduce the story?熏 e.g. “lt?蒺s about a turtle and two egrets and what the turtle and the birds do.”
While Reading
1.a.Read the story as the students follow the text.
b.Ask?押Are there any words you don?蒺t understand?芽 Then write them on the board?熏 e.g. hunger?熏 thirst?熏 egrets?熏 beak?熏 headfirst?熏 stick.
2.a.Use the picture to teach some vocabulary words?押Point to the egrets. Point to the beaks. Point to the stick.
b.Use actions to demonstrate hunger?熏 thirst?熏 headfirst.
c. Make sentences to illustrate the rest of the words.
3.Have students scan for each vocabulary work in the text and repeat it after the teacher. ?穴Scanning?雪
4.Tell the story and choose three students to role?鄄play as the turtle and the egrets and a group of five students to be the people. Stop at several different points and ask the class to tell what?蒺s going to happen next for the “actors” to act out. ?穴Predicting?雪 5.Write the main ideas in eight sentence strips. Mix them up and give those to eight students to match up. Choose four other students to identify the events in the text by reading the correct paragraph.?穴Main idea?雪
Para 1—The turtle was dying of hunger and thirst.
His two friends want to help him.
Para 2—The two egrets carried the long stick in their beaks.
The turtle was in the middle.
Pare 3—The egrets flew high in the sky.
Some people shouted and said?熏 “See the two clever birds.”
Para 4—The turtle felt hurt and tried to speak.
He opened his mouth and down?熏 down?熏 down he fell.
6.Mix the sentence strips and give them to eight students to put them in the right order. Have them read the whole story to the class.?穴Sequencing?雪
After Reading
Writing activities?押
1. Circle the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. ?穴Vocabulary review?雪
a. People have months?熏 but birds have ____?穴wings?熏 heads?熏 beaks?雪.
b. Please bring me some food. l?蒺m dying of ____?穴thirst?熏 pain?熏 hunger?雪.
c. You are not ____?穴stupid?熏 poor?熏 dry?雪.You just need to study harder.
d. ____?穴Horses?熏 egrets?熏 fish?雪 live by the lake.
e. You have the right answer. You?蒺re really____?穴strong?熏 kind?熏 clever?雪.
f. Can I have some water?芽 l?蒺m dying of ____?穴cold?熏 thirst?熏 hurt?雪.
g. I ?穴hold?熏 find?熏 carry?雪____ my school bag on my back.
h. The dog was up on a tree. Suddenly he fell ____?穴sick?熏 headfirst?熏 pain?雪 to the ground.
2. What do you think?芽 ?穴Drawing conclusions?雪
a. I think the turtle is stupid/not stupid because_____________________.
b. I think the egrets are ____ because______________________________.
c. I think in the end the turtle____________________________________.
七、对该模式的评价标准和方法
初中英语基础阅读课教学模式是建立在对课文的阅读基础上,以课文内容为语言学习和语言训练的主要材料。在评价时,应重视是否落实了“着眼教材、重视整体、逐步推进”的原则,可以从以下方面来进行考查:
1.体现目标,活化教材
对该模式评价时应体现其功能目标,以学生对所教内容的理解、掌握,是否达到相应水平的输出为教学评价的主要标准。观察课堂中师生的活动,特别是学生所参与的活动量和对材料的理解反应。
2.着眼发展,依学定教
教师是否以促进学生和谐发展的教学理念重新审视和制订阅读教学目标,顺应学生的学习基础和思路来设计教学,根据课堂学习情况的变化,灵活有效地调控预先安排的教学步骤和方法。课堂上不但要重视学生知识技能、智力技能的培养,更要关注学生道德情操、审美素养、人文精神、创新意识的发展,充分挖掘学生潜能,完善学生人格。课堂上既要敢于暴露学生在学习中遇到的问题和矛盾,又要随机采取切实有效的引导和补救措施。
3.尊重差异,发扬民主
教师是否在课堂上着力营造民主、平等、和谐的教学氛围,尊重每位学生的个性差异。目标设定有弹性,练习设计分层次,尽最大努力满足不同类型的学生对阅读学习的不同要求。与学生平等对话,鼓励学生在一种相对宽松、自由的状态下积极主动地投入学习,从而促进不同程度的学生充分发展。
参考书目:
1.陈 波,关文信:《新课程理念与初中英语课堂教学实施》,首都师范大学出版社,2003.
2.黄子成主编:《中学英语教学建模》,广西教育出版社,2003.
3.路海东:《学校教育心理学》,东北师范大学出版社,2002.
4.罗先达,尹世寅,周蓉主编:《英语教学实施指南》,华中师范大学出版社,2003.
5.王之江:《基础英语教学理论与实践》,浙江大学出版社,2001.
6.中华人民共和国教育部制订:《英语课程标准》,北京师范大学出版社,2001.
关键词:基础阅读课 教学模式 初中英语
一、理论依据
现代阅读理论认为,阅读包括语言、心理、文化三个维度。阅读过程既是一个积极主动地思考、理解和接受信息的过程,也是一种复杂的心智活动和情感活动的过程。从表面看只是读者感知书面文字,理解文字所表达的内容。而实际上却是读者与读物、读者与作者、读者与社会、读者与自我四方面的语言交际活动,是读者实现心理满足的复杂的心理逻辑推理过程。所以一个完整的阅读过程大致可以分为四个阶段:感知(字、词、句、篇)、理解(从形式到内容,再从内容到形式)、评价(个人看法或鉴赏)、创造(独到见解或新的发现)。这其中,阅读主体的感知、联想、想象、创造是十分重要和必不可少的。
但是长期以来,英语阅读教学被圈在“文体课程”的小天地里,教师在教学过程中,侧重字面的理解和句法的分析,小步子前进,累积式发展,造成学生不能利用语篇中的主要信息进行积极地思考并进行有效的口头和笔头的交际活动。按照现代教育心理学的要求和英语新课程标准的要求,初中阅读教学的根本任务在于传授语言知识、发展学生的语言能力,培养基本的阅读技巧,使学生在阅读过程中能自觉运用基本阅读策略;在此基础上,深化课文的内涵并拓展其外延,在真实性阅读中认识社会和生活。
二、指导思想
教育心理学认为,为了使学生获得感性认识,产生清晰表象,就要指导学生对学习的对象进行周密细致的整体观察,然后再观察它的各部分及各部分之间的联系,最后形成有关学习对象的清晰表象。这就要求我们在进行阅读英语教学时遵循学生认知规律,运用整体教学的原则,充分利用课文提供的语言材料,指导学生先整体感知,表层理解,再利用多种教学手段加大力度,循环加深,最后整体推进,深层理解,真正培养学生良好的阅读习惯。注重开展多种生动活泼的活动,挖掘教材中的那些含有跨文化背景知识和社会内容的语言现象,并结合这些语言现象,广泛地向学生传授文化、语言、认知、文体等方面的知识,真正提高学生的英语应用能力。语言知识的教学必须遵循“词不离句、句不离文”的原则,引导学生运用所学词汇造情制境。因为任何语言材料只有组织到具体的句式中,用在一定的语境里才能表现出具体、确切的含义。同时听、说、读、写全面兼顾,整体训练,既达到阅读课文的教学目的,又使学生养成良好的阅读习惯,提高阅读理解能力,为以后更高层次的英语阅读奠定了基础。
三、目标定位
初中基础阅读教学以培养学生的阅读能力为主要目标,学习和掌握课文内容所涉及的语言知识(词汇、句型、语法和习惯用法等),培养学生适应几类常见的基本语体、文体的阅读能力,以及了解课文内容所涉及的文化背景,进而在阅读方法、阅读速度、阅读技巧和阅读理解的准确度和深度(阅读欣赏)上得到提高。在此基础上还应达到一个间接目标和一个潜在目标,即磨练和开发学生智力中阅读思维加工能力;培养学生收集和处理信息、获取新知识、学会分析解决问题的能力以及交流协作的能力。
四、教学模式设计
1.阅读前活动(pre?鄄reading activities for interest)——引出话题, 激发兴趣。
2.阅读过程活动(while?鄄reading activities for comprehension)——技巧训练,整体把握。
整体粗读,领略内容大意(literal comprehension)
分段细读,注意细节,注意语言结构(inferential comprehension)
整体重读,深层理解,掌握语言结构(critical comprehension)
3.阅读后活动(post?鄄reading activities for production)——活化教材,创造思维。
意义性练习(meaningful activities for consolidation)——设计检测,加深理解。
作业布置(assignments for improvement)——反馈教学,形成评价。
五、实施该模式的条件
1.教师角色定位
教师作为组织者、督促者、评价者、辅助者身份发挥其指导帮助作用。在教学过程中应善于营造宽松、和谐的学习氛围,充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主动性和积极性;教师应成为模式的主人,而不是模式的奴隶。因为教学模式只是一个整体操作框架,虽然有着相对稳定的教学程序,但在实施过程中,教师完全应该根据教学对象、教学目标、教学内容的不同而自行决定每个步骤的时间分配并可按需要取消或调整某些环节步骤。在阅读训练中,教师应穿插说的活动,在阅读后落实写的任务,因为输入的最终目的是为了输出。因此,读应该和说、写等有机结合起来。
2.学生角色
学生应以“合作交流、相互信任,诚实、坦诚、公正地对己对人”的态度积极参与各个交流互动过程。争取在这些过程中真正做到相互启迪、取长补短、共同提高。
3.角色互动
在阅读教学过程中,实行“师与生、生与生”角色之间的多向交流,建立一个接纳的、支持性的、宽容的课堂气氛,营造一个和谐、融洽、平等的学习氛围,建构师生对话、共同发展的“交互式”教学活动方式。
六、操作程序暨教学实例一则
Reading Material?押
THE STUPID TURTLE
Once there was a turtle who was dying of hunger and thirst. His lake was dry so he had no food or water. His friends?熏 the egrets?熏 wanted to carry him to another lake. “But how can we do that?芽” they asked. “I know a way,” said the turtle. He told two of them to find a long stick. “Now?熏” he said?熏 “each of you hold one end of the stick in your beak. I will hold onto the middle of the stick.”
So the egrets took the stick and flew high into the sky carrying the turtle. They flew on and on. Suddenly they heard a cry from the people down below.
“Look how clever the egrets are?选 They?蒺re carrying the turle through the sky?选” The turle felt hurt to hear the people say it was the egrets who were so clever. He had to let the people know that he was the clever one. So he began to shout as loud as he he could?熏 “I…”But as soon as he opened his mouth?熏 of course?熏 he fell headfirst to the ground.
Before reading ?穴Previewing?雪
1.Ask?押 Do you have a pet?芽 What is it?芽 Does anyone have a pet turtle?芽 What can a turtle do?芽 What can?蒺t a turtle do?芽 Encourage students to answer. Write their answers on the board. For example?熏
A turtle can swim. A turtle can?蒺t fly.
A turtle can walk slowly. A turtle can?蒺t run.
A turtle can eat leaves. A turtle can?蒺t eat meat.
A turtle can drink water. A turtle can?蒺t carry a stick.
Let half of the class read the sentences of “What a turtle can do.” The other half read “What a turtle can?蒺t do.”
2.Students look at the picture. Ask “yes” or “no” questions.
Is the turtle climbing a big log?芽
Is the turtle swimming?芽
Are there two white birds?芽
Do they have a long stick in their beaks or mouths?芽
Are they going to hit the turtle with the stick?芽
Do you think they will help the turtle?芽
Do you think a turtle is a stupid animal?芽
3.Students read the title. lntroduce the story?熏 e.g. “lt?蒺s about a turtle and two egrets and what the turtle and the birds do.”
While Reading
1.a.Read the story as the students follow the text.
b.Ask?押Are there any words you don?蒺t understand?芽 Then write them on the board?熏 e.g. hunger?熏 thirst?熏 egrets?熏 beak?熏 headfirst?熏 stick.
2.a.Use the picture to teach some vocabulary words?押Point to the egrets. Point to the beaks. Point to the stick.
b.Use actions to demonstrate hunger?熏 thirst?熏 headfirst.
c. Make sentences to illustrate the rest of the words.
3.Have students scan for each vocabulary work in the text and repeat it after the teacher. ?穴Scanning?雪
4.Tell the story and choose three students to role?鄄play as the turtle and the egrets and a group of five students to be the people. Stop at several different points and ask the class to tell what?蒺s going to happen next for the “actors” to act out. ?穴Predicting?雪 5.Write the main ideas in eight sentence strips. Mix them up and give those to eight students to match up. Choose four other students to identify the events in the text by reading the correct paragraph.?穴Main idea?雪
Para 1—The turtle was dying of hunger and thirst.
His two friends want to help him.
Para 2—The two egrets carried the long stick in their beaks.
The turtle was in the middle.
Pare 3—The egrets flew high in the sky.
Some people shouted and said?熏 “See the two clever birds.”
Para 4—The turtle felt hurt and tried to speak.
He opened his mouth and down?熏 down?熏 down he fell.
6.Mix the sentence strips and give them to eight students to put them in the right order. Have them read the whole story to the class.?穴Sequencing?雪
After Reading
Writing activities?押
1. Circle the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. ?穴Vocabulary review?雪
a. People have months?熏 but birds have ____?穴wings?熏 heads?熏 beaks?雪.
b. Please bring me some food. l?蒺m dying of ____?穴thirst?熏 pain?熏 hunger?雪.
c. You are not ____?穴stupid?熏 poor?熏 dry?雪.You just need to study harder.
d. ____?穴Horses?熏 egrets?熏 fish?雪 live by the lake.
e. You have the right answer. You?蒺re really____?穴strong?熏 kind?熏 clever?雪.
f. Can I have some water?芽 l?蒺m dying of ____?穴cold?熏 thirst?熏 hurt?雪.
g. I ?穴hold?熏 find?熏 carry?雪____ my school bag on my back.
h. The dog was up on a tree. Suddenly he fell ____?穴sick?熏 headfirst?熏 pain?雪 to the ground.
2. What do you think?芽 ?穴Drawing conclusions?雪
a. I think the turtle is stupid/not stupid because_____________________.
b. I think the egrets are ____ because______________________________.
c. I think in the end the turtle____________________________________.
七、对该模式的评价标准和方法
初中英语基础阅读课教学模式是建立在对课文的阅读基础上,以课文内容为语言学习和语言训练的主要材料。在评价时,应重视是否落实了“着眼教材、重视整体、逐步推进”的原则,可以从以下方面来进行考查:
1.体现目标,活化教材
对该模式评价时应体现其功能目标,以学生对所教内容的理解、掌握,是否达到相应水平的输出为教学评价的主要标准。观察课堂中师生的活动,特别是学生所参与的活动量和对材料的理解反应。
2.着眼发展,依学定教
教师是否以促进学生和谐发展的教学理念重新审视和制订阅读教学目标,顺应学生的学习基础和思路来设计教学,根据课堂学习情况的变化,灵活有效地调控预先安排的教学步骤和方法。课堂上不但要重视学生知识技能、智力技能的培养,更要关注学生道德情操、审美素养、人文精神、创新意识的发展,充分挖掘学生潜能,完善学生人格。课堂上既要敢于暴露学生在学习中遇到的问题和矛盾,又要随机采取切实有效的引导和补救措施。
3.尊重差异,发扬民主
教师是否在课堂上着力营造民主、平等、和谐的教学氛围,尊重每位学生的个性差异。目标设定有弹性,练习设计分层次,尽最大努力满足不同类型的学生对阅读学习的不同要求。与学生平等对话,鼓励学生在一种相对宽松、自由的状态下积极主动地投入学习,从而促进不同程度的学生充分发展。
参考书目:
1.陈 波,关文信:《新课程理念与初中英语课堂教学实施》,首都师范大学出版社,2003.
2.黄子成主编:《中学英语教学建模》,广西教育出版社,2003.
3.路海东:《学校教育心理学》,东北师范大学出版社,2002.
4.罗先达,尹世寅,周蓉主编:《英语教学实施指南》,华中师范大学出版社,2003.
5.王之江:《基础英语教学理论与实践》,浙江大学出版社,2001.
6.中华人民共和国教育部制订:《英语课程标准》,北京师范大学出版社,2001.