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１２．运行系统在巨型大学的运行系统间有许多相似性。鲁姆勃尔和基更区分了两个主要的运行子系统：课程和学生，同时指出后勤和决策功能的重要性。我们倾向于一种简单的三分法比较工具。巨型大学系统支持三类产出：高质量的学习材料、有效的学生支助服务和高效的后勤保障。我
12. Runtime There are many similarities between run-time systems in mega-universities. Rumbur distinguishes between two major operating subsystems: classes and students, and points out the importance of logistics and decision-making functions. We tend to a simple trichotomy comparison tool. The Giant University system supports three outputs: high quality learning materials, effective student support services and efficient logistical support. I