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one， the one和that以及它们的复数形式ones， the ones和those都可以指代人或事物，这是个基础的知识点。可一旦它们出现在比较复杂的句子中，不少同学就会发蒙。比如2013年高考英语浙江卷的单选题第11题：
Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears.
A. these B some C. ones D. those
应该选C还是选D呢？
指示代词有泛指和特指的区别，所以我们应该通过明确指代的对象是泛指还是特指来选择。
one/ones 泛指“一个人或一件事物”/“一些人或一些事物”，前者指代可数名词单数，后者指代可数名词复数。
the one/the ones 特指“这个人或这件事物”/“这些人或这些事物”，它们分别指代可数名词的单数和复数。
that特指“一件事物”，即可指代可数名词单数，也可指代不可数名词。
those则既可以指“一些事物”，也可以指“一些人”，当然这些事物或人都是特指的，且为可数名词复数。
比如I speak as who has seen much suffering一句，句意为“我是作为一个目睹过许多苦难的人说这番话的”。空格中的单词应表示“一个人”，这个人是目睹过许多苦难的，但并不是特指目睹过许多苦难的某个特定的人，所以填入one，表示泛指。
很多情况下，the one/the ones和that/those可以互换，比如：
The TV sets in that shop are as good as in the supermarket. 句意为“那家店里的电视机与超市里的一样好”，“超市里的（电视机）”是特指，而且是可数名词复数，所以既可以填those，也可以填the ones。
当句子中有过去分词短语、现在分词短语、不定式或介词短语作定语，一时无法明确代词指代的对象时，可以将这些短语转化为定语从句，帮助判断指代对象。
如文章开头浙江卷的这道题：Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears，句子很长，一时间都无法明确指代的对象，泛指和特指就更无从谈起了。
仔细看句子，surveyed in 16 countries是过去分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句who are surveyed in 16 countries。如此一来，把句子转变成Half of who are surveyed in 16 countries say...， 可以看出，代词指代的是“16个国家中被调查的人”，是特指，所以应填those。
除了过去分词短语，现在分词短语、不定式和介词短语都能作定语，遇到这些短语作定语时，把它们转变成定语从句的形式，有助于我们判断代词的指代对象。
（1） 把现在分词短语转化为定语从句
Those sitting in the front row please come here.
？圯Those who sit / are sitting in the front row please come here.
（2） 把介词短语转化为定语从句
There is no doubt that those against the law should be punished without mercy.
？圯There is no doubt that those who are against the law should be punished without mercy.
（3） 把不定式转化为定语从句
It’s obvious that he is the first one to congratulate us on our achievements.
？圯It’s obvious that he is the first one who/that congratulates us on our achievements.
（1） Studying Wendy’s menu， I found that many of the items are similar to of McDonald’s.
A. those B. ones C. any D. all
（2） The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.
A. one B. this C. that D. it
（3） Of us classmates， he is the last one to Mary’s birthday party.
A. to invite B. to be invited C. invited D. being invited
（1） A （2） C （3） B
Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears.
A. these B some C. ones D. those
应该选C还是选D呢？
指示代词有泛指和特指的区别，所以我们应该通过明确指代的对象是泛指还是特指来选择。
one/ones 泛指“一个人或一件事物”/“一些人或一些事物”，前者指代可数名词单数，后者指代可数名词复数。
the one/the ones 特指“这个人或这件事物”/“这些人或这些事物”，它们分别指代可数名词的单数和复数。
that特指“一件事物”，即可指代可数名词单数，也可指代不可数名词。
those则既可以指“一些事物”，也可以指“一些人”，当然这些事物或人都是特指的，且为可数名词复数。
比如I speak as who has seen much suffering一句，句意为“我是作为一个目睹过许多苦难的人说这番话的”。空格中的单词应表示“一个人”，这个人是目睹过许多苦难的，但并不是特指目睹过许多苦难的某个特定的人，所以填入one，表示泛指。
很多情况下，the one/the ones和that/those可以互换，比如：
The TV sets in that shop are as good as in the supermarket. 句意为“那家店里的电视机与超市里的一样好”，“超市里的（电视机）”是特指，而且是可数名词复数，所以既可以填those，也可以填the ones。
当句子中有过去分词短语、现在分词短语、不定式或介词短语作定语，一时无法明确代词指代的对象时，可以将这些短语转化为定语从句，帮助判断指代对象。
如文章开头浙江卷的这道题：Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears，句子很长，一时间都无法明确指代的对象，泛指和特指就更无从谈起了。
仔细看句子，surveyed in 16 countries是过去分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句who are surveyed in 16 countries。如此一来，把句子转变成Half of who are surveyed in 16 countries say...， 可以看出，代词指代的是“16个国家中被调查的人”，是特指，所以应填those。
除了过去分词短语，现在分词短语、不定式和介词短语都能作定语，遇到这些短语作定语时，把它们转变成定语从句的形式，有助于我们判断代词的指代对象。
（1） 把现在分词短语转化为定语从句
Those sitting in the front row please come here.
？圯Those who sit / are sitting in the front row please come here.
（2） 把介词短语转化为定语从句
There is no doubt that those against the law should be punished without mercy.
？圯There is no doubt that those who are against the law should be punished without mercy.
（3） 把不定式转化为定语从句
It’s obvious that he is the first one to congratulate us on our achievements.
？圯It’s obvious that he is the first one who/that congratulates us on our achievements.
（1） Studying Wendy’s menu， I found that many of the items are similar to of McDonald’s.
A. those B. ones C. any D. all
（2） The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.
A. one B. this C. that D. it
（3） Of us classmates， he is the last one to Mary’s birthday party.
A. to invite B. to be invited C. invited D. being invited
（1） A （2） C （3） B