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1. likely
【疑难分析】 likely用作形容词时，高考对它的考查主要集中于与其近义词possible和probable在词义及句法结构上的辨析。
【归纳点拨】 likely意为“可能的”，是指从外表、迹象上进行判断有可能发生。常用句型有It is likely that-clause； sb. / sth. is likely to do sth.； It is likely (for sb.) to do sth. likely既可用人也可用物作主语。
possible意为“可能的”，指客观上有可能，不管大小。常用句型是It is possible (for sb.) to do sth.或It is possible that-clause.。
probable的可能性比possible大，表“很可能，十有八九”。这两个词当表语时，主语通常是事物。
【考题精练】
① It’s quite__________that a decision will be made before the end of the year.
A. possibly
B. probably
C. likely
D. perhaps
② The young volunteers are__________to help the old people in the neighborhood the day after tomorrow.
A. probable
B. likely
C. possible
D. unwilling
2. not all / both ...
【疑难分析】 not all / both / everyone / everything / always常被看作是部分否定而不是全部否定，其意思分别是“并非所有”；“并非两者都”；“并非每一个人”；“并非一切事情”；“并非总是”。学生在做题时遇到这类形式，千万要记住它们所表达的准确含义。例如：
Not everyone here likes pop music.并不是每一个人都喜欢流行音乐。
Not every novel of his is a best-seller.他的小说并不是每一本都畅销。
Not all economists here agree with you. 并不是所有的经济学家都同意你的观点。
The children’s viewpoints are not always wrong. 这些孩子们的观点并不总是错误的。
Not both the students do well in their lessons.这两名学生功课并非都好。
以上句子不难理解。但是，这种句子中的否定词not往往转移到谓语，使句子从特指否定变成一般否定。千万记住，转移后仍是部分否定。例如：
All is not gold that glitters. (=Not all is gold ...)闪闪发光的未必都是金子。
I don’t know everything in the office. (=I know not everything ...) 办公室的事，我不见得都知道。
The plant can’t be found everywhere. (=The plant can be found not everywhere.)这种植物并非到处都可找到。
【归纳点拨】 not all / both / everyone / everything / everywhere / always表部分否定，其相对应的全部否定词分别是none，neither，nobody(no one)，nothing, nowhere, never等词。
【考题精练】
①__________your enemies are on the other side. The dagger(短剑) often comes from your own side.
A. None of
B. All of
C. Not all
D. Not both
② I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with__________ .
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
3. set out
【疑难分析】 含set的动词短语很多，常见的有set out, set about, set off, set aside, set forth, set sail, set foot in (on), set an example to sb.等，set与不同的副词或介词搭配构成的短语语义也各不相同，这也是令学生头痛的问题。从近几年的高考试题中发现对动词短语语义辨析的考查是热点，故学生在平时的学习过程中结合一定的例句记准考纲内所规定的短语语义是有必要的。
【归纳点拨】 set out意为“动身，出发”常与介词for连用，构成短语“set out for ...”(动身前往某处)；还可表示“开始做某事，着手做某事”，即set out to do sth. 的形式。
set about意为“开始，着手”，其后接动名词，即set about doing sth.，表示“开始做某事”。
set aside 留出；不理会；搁置
set forth 提出；举出；陈述；阐明
set sail 扬帆起航
set off 出发；动身；引爆；引发
set foot in (on) 到达；踏入；进入
set an example to sb. 为某人树立榜样
【考题精练】
① It’s ten years since the scientist__________
on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (2004江苏卷29)
A. made for
B. set out
C. took off
D. turned up
② I left him, determined never to__________in that house again.
A. set foot
B. set off
C. set out
D. set forth
4. more than one / a ＋ 单数名词作主语
【疑难分析】 more than one / a ＋ 单数名词作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数概念，但它的谓语动词却要采用单数形式。另外，many a＋单数名词，表示“许多的，大量的”，也属上述现象之一。
【归纳点拨】英语中影响谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式确切地来说有三种因素，即语法上数的一致、意义一致以及就近原则。例如：
More than one answer to your question has been worked out.你的问题不止一个答案。
Many a man has sacrificed his life for the cause of the revolution.许多人为了革命事业而献出了生命。
His family is very big.
His family are watching TV.
Either he or you are to blame for the accident.
总之，主谓一致的原则说起来很简单，用起来却常遇到复杂的情况，因此，学生应视情况再作正确的判断是很有必要的。
【考题精练】
① Either you or the headmaster__________
the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting tomorrow.
A. is handing out
B. are to hand out
C. are handing out
D. is to hand out
② The number of people__________fifty, but a number of them__________absent for different reasons.
A. were; was
B. was; was
C. was; were
D. were; were
5. aim
【疑难解析】 对aim的学习首先要注意由它组成的两个短语，即aim at “旨在，目的，针对”，后面接名词或动名词及aim to “旨在，目的在于，针对”，后面接动词不定式，更重要的是要学习aim在句中作状语时常用其现在分词aiming的形式而不用to aim的形式，学习时须牢记几个典型例子，如hope, plan也是如此。
一般说来，目的状语的表达应该用to do结构(＝in order to 或so as to)而不用doing式，但表达希望、目的、计划的动词如hope, aim 和plan等习惯上用doing 式表达目的。例如：
She waited there patiently, hoping that he would turn up at last.她耐心地等待着，希望他最终能来。
The students worked very hard, aiming to be admitted to a famous university. 同学们拼命学习，希望能够考上名牌大学。
China has carried out some new agricultural policies, aiming at raising farmers’ living standards. 中国已执行了一些新的农业政策，旨在提高农民生活水平。
The enemy quieted themselves a while, planning to launch another fierce attack. 敌人暂时平静了下来，企图发起更大的进攻。
【考题精练】
① He sent me an e-mail,__________to get further information.
A. hoped
B. hoping
C. to hope
D. hope
② ―Mum, why do you make me eat an egg every day?
―__________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get
B. Getting
C. To get
D. To be getting
6. It is believed / said / reported / ＋ that-clause
【疑难分析】 believe, say, report, think, consider, suppose等动词常用于以下两种句型，即1) It is believed (said / reported ...)that-clause；2) sb. / sth. be believed / said / reported … to do sth.这两种句式可相互转换并无意义差别，但在进行句式转化时应特别注意不定式中的时态和语态。
【归纳点拨】 It is believed that the flu is caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
可改为： The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
或People believe that the flu is caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
It is said that we are living in an “Information Age ”.
可改为：We are said to be living in an “Information Age”.
It is reported that many of the world’s great novels have been made into films.
可改为： Many of the world’s great novels are reported to have been made into films.
从上述例句中可看出，不定式的时态有三种形式，即不定式的一般式，它所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作正在进行。不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
【考题精练】
① Robert is said__________abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been studying
② AIDS is said__________the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is
B. to be
C. that it has been
D. to have been
7. benefit
【疑难分析】 对benefit的学习首先要掌握由它组成的重要短语。如： benefit from (从……中获益)，for the benefit of (为……的利益/好处)，of great benefit to sb. (对某人有好处)，其次要注意与advantage, interest 及profit的同法区别。
【归纳点拨】 benefit 意为“利益，好处”，强调自己改进而获得的好处。
advantage强调由于某方面占优势或利用某一时机及对方弱点等而获得利益或好处，使自己处于有利地位。
interest 作“利益”解，常用复数，强调“利害关系”的含义。
profit强调物质和钱财利益。
【考题精练】
① The book is of__________ benefit__________us.
A. much; for
B. great; to
C. very; to
D. great; for
② The students are all in good health, which__________daily exercises.
A. benefits from
B. do favour to
C. do good to
D. benefits
8. demand
【疑难分析】 对demand的学习首先要能区分它与require的异同点。两词均意为“需要，要求”，但demand指大胆地、权威性地要求对方或自己认为有权利向某人提出做某事的要求；require多指根据事物内在原因提出的要求，其意义没有demand那么强烈，那么有权威性。demand及require后接宾语从句时，都要用虚拟语气。
【归纳点拨】 demand vt. 意为：“要求；急需；查问”，常见句式有： sb. demand to do sth.(要求做某事)；sb. demand that + 主语 ＋ (should) do sth. (要求某人做某事)；sb. demand sth. of sb. (向某人要求某事/某物)；禁止使用demand sb. to do sth.结构。
require vt.意为：“需要，要求”。
常见句型，即sb. require sb. to do sth. (要求某人做某事)；sb. require that 主语 ＋ (should) do sth.(要求某人做某事)；sb. require sth. of sb.(向某人要求某事/某物)；sth. require doing / to be done.(某物需要做)。例如：
The desk requires to be repaired / repairing. 这张桌子需要修理。
【考题精练】
① The teacher__________us to do morning exercises every day.
A. demanded
B. hoped
C. required
D. agreed
② The boss had to improve the living conditions to satisfy the workers’__________ .
A. dream
B. requirement
C. hope
D. demands
9. start with
【疑难分析】 to start with 作“开始，首先”解，后面不接任何宾语，在句中为插入语，常放在句首。与to begin with 同义。
【归纳分析】 start with是动词短语，作“以……为开始”解，后接名词。例如：
When we solve the problem, we must start with the investigation. 解决问题时，我们必须从调查研究开始。
In order to know something about radio, we must start with the study of sound waves.
要了解无线电，我们必须从声波开始学起。
to start with 与to begin with，在句中充当插入语。例如：
To start with / begin with, you must realize that we have very little money. 首先，你必须认识到我们没有什么钱。
Our difficulties are many. To start with / begin with, we can’t find enough workers.我们的困难是很多的。首先，我们找不到足够的工人。
动词不定式短语用作插入语，常见的还有：to tell you the truth (老实地讲)；believe it or not (信不信由你)；to be frank (坦率地说)；to be honest (老实地说)；to be sure (肯定地讲)；to make the matter worse (使情况更糟的是)等。
【考题精练】
① ―What happened to you on your way back to the hotel last night?
―I lost my way in complete darkness and,__________things worse, it began to pour.
A. making
B. to make
C. having made
D. made
②__________you the truth, their negotiation broke down.
A. To tell
B. Telling
C. Being told
D. Told
10. forbid
【疑难分析】 对forbid的学习首先要掌握由它组成的常用句型，即forbid sb. to do sth. (阻止某人做某事)；forbid doing sth. (禁止做某事)，其次要注意与prevent在词义与用法上的差异。prevent意为“阻止”，表示“阻止某人做某事”时，其结构为：prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
【归纳分析】 forbid意为“禁止”；“不许”，其反义词为allow, permit。例如：
The school forbids the students to smoke. 学校不许学生抽烟。
In 1850, a law was made to forbid people to help runaway slaves.1850年出台了一部法律，禁止人们帮助逃跑的奴隶。
forbid意为“阻止”，与prevent同义，但两者在句式结构上有所不同。例如：
The storm forbade us to go out. = The storm prevented us (from) going out. 暴风雨使我们不能外出。
【考题精练】
① The heavy rain forbade me__________to see my uncle.
A. from my coming
B. come
C. to come
D. my coming
② The police forbade__________here.
A. to park
B. parked
C. parking
D. to be park
11. whatever引导名词性从句和让步状语从句
【疑难分析】 whatever引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what, 类似的有whoever (no matter who); whenever (no matter when); wherever (no matter where); however (no matter how); whichever (no matter which)但如果这些连接词引导名词性从句时，就不能互相替换。
【归纳分析】 whatever意为“无论什么”，既可引导名词性从句又可引导状语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；而no matter what只能引导让步状语从句。例如：
Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. ＝ No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. (让步状语从句)
He would believe whatever I said. (宾语从句)
Wherever you go, keep in touch with us.
＝ No matter where you go, keep in touch with us. (让步状语从句)
It doesn’t matter wherever you go. (主语从句)
Whoever breaks the law, he or she must be punished. ＝ No matter who breaks the law, he or she must be punished. (让步状语从句)
Whoever breaks the law must be punished. (主语从句)
【考题精练】
① These wild flowers are so special that I would do __________ I can to save them.
A. which
B. whatever
C. no matter what
D. that
②__________has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. No matter who
B. The one
C. Anyone
D. Whoever
12. having been done 与done在句中作状语的比较
【疑难分析】 如何正确选用having been done 还是done在句中作状语，首先取决于学生对这两种形式概念的理解。分词作状语是历年高考试题考查的热点，学生应在理解分词各种形式所表达的准确含义基础上进行对这一知识的归类、整合，运用类比的方法掌握分词作状语的基本形式。
【归纳分析】 having been done在句中作状语，与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
done在句中作状语，与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，没有先于谓语动作发生之意，且强调谓语动词所发生的背景或状况。例如：
Having been told many times , he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然别人已告诉他许多次了，但他仍然犯同样的错误。
Given one more chance, I will do it better.假如再给我一次机会，我会把这件事做得更好。
Built in the Qing Dynasty, the temple has a long history.这寺庙有很长的历史，它建于清朝时期。
Having been shown around the museum, we were taken to visit the lab.我们被带领先参观博物馆接着又参观了实验室。
【考题精练】
①__________from the top of the mountain, the building looks more beautiful.
A. To see B. Having been seen
C. Seen D. Seeing
②__________in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded
B. Having been founded
C. Founded
D. Founding
Keys: 1． ① C② B2． ① C② A
3． ① B② A4． ① D② C5． ① B② C6．① A② D7． ① B② A8． ① C② D9． ① B② A10． ① C② C11． ① B
② D12． ① C② C
【疑难分析】 likely用作形容词时，高考对它的考查主要集中于与其近义词possible和probable在词义及句法结构上的辨析。
【归纳点拨】 likely意为“可能的”，是指从外表、迹象上进行判断有可能发生。常用句型有It is likely that-clause； sb. / sth. is likely to do sth.； It is likely (for sb.) to do sth. likely既可用人也可用物作主语。
possible意为“可能的”，指客观上有可能，不管大小。常用句型是It is possible (for sb.) to do sth.或It is possible that-clause.。
probable的可能性比possible大，表“很可能，十有八九”。这两个词当表语时，主语通常是事物。
【考题精练】
① It’s quite__________that a decision will be made before the end of the year.
A. possibly
B. probably
C. likely
D. perhaps
② The young volunteers are__________to help the old people in the neighborhood the day after tomorrow.
A. probable
B. likely
C. possible
D. unwilling
2. not all / both ...
【疑难分析】 not all / both / everyone / everything / always常被看作是部分否定而不是全部否定，其意思分别是“并非所有”；“并非两者都”；“并非每一个人”；“并非一切事情”；“并非总是”。学生在做题时遇到这类形式，千万要记住它们所表达的准确含义。例如：
Not everyone here likes pop music.并不是每一个人都喜欢流行音乐。
Not every novel of his is a best-seller.他的小说并不是每一本都畅销。
Not all economists here agree with you. 并不是所有的经济学家都同意你的观点。
The children’s viewpoints are not always wrong. 这些孩子们的观点并不总是错误的。
Not both the students do well in their lessons.这两名学生功课并非都好。
以上句子不难理解。但是，这种句子中的否定词not往往转移到谓语，使句子从特指否定变成一般否定。千万记住，转移后仍是部分否定。例如：
All is not gold that glitters. (=Not all is gold ...)闪闪发光的未必都是金子。
I don’t know everything in the office. (=I know not everything ...) 办公室的事，我不见得都知道。
The plant can’t be found everywhere. (=The plant can be found not everywhere.)这种植物并非到处都可找到。
【归纳点拨】 not all / both / everyone / everything / everywhere / always表部分否定，其相对应的全部否定词分别是none，neither，nobody(no one)，nothing, nowhere, never等词。
【考题精练】
①__________your enemies are on the other side. The dagger(短剑) often comes from your own side.
A. None of
B. All of
C. Not all
D. Not both
② I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with__________ .
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
3. set out
【疑难分析】 含set的动词短语很多，常见的有set out, set about, set off, set aside, set forth, set sail, set foot in (on), set an example to sb.等，set与不同的副词或介词搭配构成的短语语义也各不相同，这也是令学生头痛的问题。从近几年的高考试题中发现对动词短语语义辨析的考查是热点，故学生在平时的学习过程中结合一定的例句记准考纲内所规定的短语语义是有必要的。
【归纳点拨】 set out意为“动身，出发”常与介词for连用，构成短语“set out for ...”(动身前往某处)；还可表示“开始做某事，着手做某事”，即set out to do sth. 的形式。
set about意为“开始，着手”，其后接动名词，即set about doing sth.，表示“开始做某事”。
set aside 留出；不理会；搁置
set forth 提出；举出；陈述；阐明
set sail 扬帆起航
set off 出发；动身；引爆；引发
set foot in (on) 到达；踏入；进入
set an example to sb. 为某人树立榜样
【考题精练】
① It’s ten years since the scientist__________
on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (2004江苏卷29)
A. made for
B. set out
C. took off
D. turned up
② I left him, determined never to__________in that house again.
A. set foot
B. set off
C. set out
D. set forth
4. more than one / a ＋ 单数名词作主语
【疑难分析】 more than one / a ＋ 单数名词作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数概念，但它的谓语动词却要采用单数形式。另外，many a＋单数名词，表示“许多的，大量的”，也属上述现象之一。
【归纳点拨】英语中影响谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式确切地来说有三种因素，即语法上数的一致、意义一致以及就近原则。例如：
More than one answer to your question has been worked out.你的问题不止一个答案。
Many a man has sacrificed his life for the cause of the revolution.许多人为了革命事业而献出了生命。
His family is very big.
His family are watching TV.
Either he or you are to blame for the accident.
总之，主谓一致的原则说起来很简单，用起来却常遇到复杂的情况，因此，学生应视情况再作正确的判断是很有必要的。
【考题精练】
① Either you or the headmaster__________
the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting tomorrow.
A. is handing out
B. are to hand out
C. are handing out
D. is to hand out
② The number of people__________fifty, but a number of them__________absent for different reasons.
A. were; was
B. was; was
C. was; were
D. were; were
5. aim
【疑难解析】 对aim的学习首先要注意由它组成的两个短语，即aim at “旨在，目的，针对”，后面接名词或动名词及aim to “旨在，目的在于，针对”，后面接动词不定式，更重要的是要学习aim在句中作状语时常用其现在分词aiming的形式而不用to aim的形式，学习时须牢记几个典型例子，如hope, plan也是如此。
一般说来，目的状语的表达应该用to do结构(＝in order to 或so as to)而不用doing式，但表达希望、目的、计划的动词如hope, aim 和plan等习惯上用doing 式表达目的。例如：
She waited there patiently, hoping that he would turn up at last.她耐心地等待着，希望他最终能来。
The students worked very hard, aiming to be admitted to a famous university. 同学们拼命学习，希望能够考上名牌大学。
China has carried out some new agricultural policies, aiming at raising farmers’ living standards. 中国已执行了一些新的农业政策，旨在提高农民生活水平。
The enemy quieted themselves a while, planning to launch another fierce attack. 敌人暂时平静了下来，企图发起更大的进攻。
【考题精练】
① He sent me an e-mail,__________to get further information.
A. hoped
B. hoping
C. to hope
D. hope
② ―Mum, why do you make me eat an egg every day?
―__________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get
B. Getting
C. To get
D. To be getting
6. It is believed / said / reported / ＋ that-clause
【疑难分析】 believe, say, report, think, consider, suppose等动词常用于以下两种句型，即1) It is believed (said / reported ...)that-clause；2) sb. / sth. be believed / said / reported … to do sth.这两种句式可相互转换并无意义差别，但在进行句式转化时应特别注意不定式中的时态和语态。
【归纳点拨】 It is believed that the flu is caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
可改为： The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
或People believe that the flu is caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
It is said that we are living in an “Information Age ”.
可改为：We are said to be living in an “Information Age”.
It is reported that many of the world’s great novels have been made into films.
可改为： Many of the world’s great novels are reported to have been made into films.
从上述例句中可看出，不定式的时态有三种形式，即不定式的一般式，它所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作正在进行。不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
【考题精练】
① Robert is said__________abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been studying
② AIDS is said__________the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is
B. to be
C. that it has been
D. to have been
7. benefit
【疑难分析】 对benefit的学习首先要掌握由它组成的重要短语。如： benefit from (从……中获益)，for the benefit of (为……的利益/好处)，of great benefit to sb. (对某人有好处)，其次要注意与advantage, interest 及profit的同法区别。
【归纳点拨】 benefit 意为“利益，好处”，强调自己改进而获得的好处。
advantage强调由于某方面占优势或利用某一时机及对方弱点等而获得利益或好处，使自己处于有利地位。
interest 作“利益”解，常用复数，强调“利害关系”的含义。
profit强调物质和钱财利益。
【考题精练】
① The book is of__________ benefit__________us.
A. much; for
B. great; to
C. very; to
D. great; for
② The students are all in good health, which__________daily exercises.
A. benefits from
B. do favour to
C. do good to
D. benefits
8. demand
【疑难分析】 对demand的学习首先要能区分它与require的异同点。两词均意为“需要，要求”，但demand指大胆地、权威性地要求对方或自己认为有权利向某人提出做某事的要求；require多指根据事物内在原因提出的要求，其意义没有demand那么强烈，那么有权威性。demand及require后接宾语从句时，都要用虚拟语气。
【归纳点拨】 demand vt. 意为：“要求；急需；查问”，常见句式有： sb. demand to do sth.(要求做某事)；sb. demand that + 主语 ＋ (should) do sth. (要求某人做某事)；sb. demand sth. of sb. (向某人要求某事/某物)；禁止使用demand sb. to do sth.结构。
require vt.意为：“需要，要求”。
常见句型，即sb. require sb. to do sth. (要求某人做某事)；sb. require that 主语 ＋ (should) do sth.(要求某人做某事)；sb. require sth. of sb.(向某人要求某事/某物)；sth. require doing / to be done.(某物需要做)。例如：
The desk requires to be repaired / repairing. 这张桌子需要修理。
【考题精练】
① The teacher__________us to do morning exercises every day.
A. demanded
B. hoped
C. required
D. agreed
② The boss had to improve the living conditions to satisfy the workers’__________ .
A. dream
B. requirement
C. hope
D. demands
9. start with
【疑难分析】 to start with 作“开始，首先”解，后面不接任何宾语，在句中为插入语，常放在句首。与to begin with 同义。
【归纳分析】 start with是动词短语，作“以……为开始”解，后接名词。例如：
When we solve the problem, we must start with the investigation. 解决问题时，我们必须从调查研究开始。
In order to know something about radio, we must start with the study of sound waves.
要了解无线电，我们必须从声波开始学起。
to start with 与to begin with，在句中充当插入语。例如：
To start with / begin with, you must realize that we have very little money. 首先，你必须认识到我们没有什么钱。
Our difficulties are many. To start with / begin with, we can’t find enough workers.我们的困难是很多的。首先，我们找不到足够的工人。
动词不定式短语用作插入语，常见的还有：to tell you the truth (老实地讲)；believe it or not (信不信由你)；to be frank (坦率地说)；to be honest (老实地说)；to be sure (肯定地讲)；to make the matter worse (使情况更糟的是)等。
【考题精练】
① ―What happened to you on your way back to the hotel last night?
―I lost my way in complete darkness and,__________things worse, it began to pour.
A. making
B. to make
C. having made
D. made
②__________you the truth, their negotiation broke down.
A. To tell
B. Telling
C. Being told
D. Told
10. forbid
【疑难分析】 对forbid的学习首先要掌握由它组成的常用句型，即forbid sb. to do sth. (阻止某人做某事)；forbid doing sth. (禁止做某事)，其次要注意与prevent在词义与用法上的差异。prevent意为“阻止”，表示“阻止某人做某事”时，其结构为：prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
【归纳分析】 forbid意为“禁止”；“不许”，其反义词为allow, permit。例如：
The school forbids the students to smoke. 学校不许学生抽烟。
In 1850, a law was made to forbid people to help runaway slaves.1850年出台了一部法律，禁止人们帮助逃跑的奴隶。
forbid意为“阻止”，与prevent同义，但两者在句式结构上有所不同。例如：
The storm forbade us to go out. = The storm prevented us (from) going out. 暴风雨使我们不能外出。
【考题精练】
① The heavy rain forbade me__________to see my uncle.
A. from my coming
B. come
C. to come
D. my coming
② The police forbade__________here.
A. to park
B. parked
C. parking
D. to be park
11. whatever引导名词性从句和让步状语从句
【疑难分析】 whatever引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what, 类似的有whoever (no matter who); whenever (no matter when); wherever (no matter where); however (no matter how); whichever (no matter which)但如果这些连接词引导名词性从句时，就不能互相替换。
【归纳分析】 whatever意为“无论什么”，既可引导名词性从句又可引导状语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；而no matter what只能引导让步状语从句。例如：
Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. ＝ No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me. (让步状语从句)
He would believe whatever I said. (宾语从句)
Wherever you go, keep in touch with us.
＝ No matter where you go, keep in touch with us. (让步状语从句)
It doesn’t matter wherever you go. (主语从句)
Whoever breaks the law, he or she must be punished. ＝ No matter who breaks the law, he or she must be punished. (让步状语从句)
Whoever breaks the law must be punished. (主语从句)
【考题精练】
① These wild flowers are so special that I would do __________ I can to save them.
A. which
B. whatever
C. no matter what
D. that
②__________has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. No matter who
B. The one
C. Anyone
D. Whoever
12. having been done 与done在句中作状语的比较
【疑难分析】 如何正确选用having been done 还是done在句中作状语，首先取决于学生对这两种形式概念的理解。分词作状语是历年高考试题考查的热点，学生应在理解分词各种形式所表达的准确含义基础上进行对这一知识的归类、整合，运用类比的方法掌握分词作状语的基本形式。
【归纳分析】 having been done在句中作状语，与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
done在句中作状语，与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，没有先于谓语动作发生之意，且强调谓语动词所发生的背景或状况。例如：
Having been told many times , he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然别人已告诉他许多次了，但他仍然犯同样的错误。
Given one more chance, I will do it better.假如再给我一次机会，我会把这件事做得更好。
Built in the Qing Dynasty, the temple has a long history.这寺庙有很长的历史，它建于清朝时期。
Having been shown around the museum, we were taken to visit the lab.我们被带领先参观博物馆接着又参观了实验室。
【考题精练】
①__________from the top of the mountain, the building looks more beautiful.
A. To see B. Having been seen
C. Seen D. Seeing
②__________in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded
B. Having been founded
C. Founded
D. Founding
Keys: 1． ① C② B2． ① C② A
3． ① B② A4． ① D② C5． ① B② C6．① A② D7． ① B② A8． ① C② D9． ① B② A10． ① C② C11． ① B
② D12． ① C② C