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【摘要】 现代英语表示将来时间的手段是丰富多彩的,本文主要介绍了将来时间几种表示方法。
【关键词】 将来时间 表示法
【中图分类号】G423 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)04(b)-0159-02
现代英语表示将来时间的手段是丰富多彩的,其中主要的有情态助动词will/shall(not)+动词原形,半助动词be going+动词不定式,半助动词be+动词不定式,半助动词be about+动词不定式,现在进行时以及一般现在时等等。
1 一般将来时
一般将来时(future indefinite tense)表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
1.1 will/shall(not)+动词原形,表示将来
常用于表示说话人对将来事态的预见、推测;有时表示意图;还可以表示单纯的将来,指不带任何感情色彩的将来。will用于所有人称单复数。shall用于第一人称单复数(I, we),在非正式语体中,尤其在美国英语中,已经比较少见,但在疑问句中,第一人称通常还是用shall,表示询问、征求意见等。在正式文体中will比be going to更可取。
例如:She will be 18 next month.
He’ll graduate from university next year.
After graduation, they’ll become doctors.
Shall I open the door?
Shall I get you some more coffee?
I will post this letter for you.
Use your mind, and you’ll find a good idea.
Your habits will determine your future.
你的习惯决定你的未来。
A small leak will sink a great ship.
小裂缝可以沉船。
Health, virtue and learning will ensure our happiness.
健康,德行和知识将保证我们幸福。
The project will be completed in five months.
这个项目将在五个月内完成。,
1.2 is/am/are going+动词不定式,表示将来时间。
用be going+动词不定式,表示近期打算去做的事情或者即将发生的情况。既能表示预见,通常指现在已有迹象表明即将发生的某种事态;也能表示意图,指现在打算将来做某事。可以用表示将来时间的状语,也可以不用时间状语。不要时间状语,通常表示即将或者不久将要发生某种事态。但是在始终涉及将来的话语中be going to往往不重复使用。
例如:Look at the clouds!There is going to be a heavy rain.
Be careful! The wall is going to fall.
What are you going to do tonight?
She’s going to help me with my English.
I am going to challenge myself.我将挑战自我。
注意be going to 一般不用于条件从句的领句中。例如,If you leave now, you’ll never regret it.而不用 If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
1.3 用“is/am/are+动词不定式”表示将来时间
be to do常用于表示根据安排将做某事,这种安排更加确定,一定会发生,通常不会改变。有时表达要求。
例如:The meeting is to take place in London.
They are to meet at the school gate at 8:00 tomorrow.
Mary is to visit China next week.
I am to make the real goal of life.
我一定要实现人生的目标。
Some books are to be tasted.
有些书必须浅尝。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock..
1.4 is/am/are about+动词不定式,表示将来。
be about to do 表示最近的将来,表示马上要做某事。
例如:The train is about to leave
He’s about to read your essay.
We are about to buy a car.
我们马上要买车。
The English evening is about to begin.
英语晚会即将开始。
1.5 用“现在进行时”表示将来时间
表示按计划、安排最近要发生的动作。用现在进行时表示将来时间只适用于表示动作的动词,不能用于表示状态的动词。例如可以用come,go,start,leave,fly等表示位置移动的动词。
例如:Hurry up!The bus is starting.
Who is coming to your school today? We are flying to New York tomorrow.
She is leaving now.
1.6 用“一般现在时”表示将来时间
表示计划中要发生的将来动作,含有计划好或安排好的意思。
a.用于简单句中,通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。一般用于动态动词,如:begin,come,go,leave,start,arrive,return,stop, open,close等等。
例如:The film begins at 7:00 p.m.this evening.
Tomorrow is Sunday.
What time does the train leave?
They start for Shanghai tomorrow morning.
The term closes on 5th July.
b. 用于时间或条件等从句中,表示将来的动作。
主句动词用将来时表示,时间或条件等从句用“一般现在时”(用现在完成时代替将来完成时)表示将来时间。最常见的引导从句的连词有if,when unless,as soon as,before,after,until,till等等。
例如:If she has time, she will drop in.
You won’t pass the exam unless you study harder.
As soon as you come back, he’ll give it to you.
I’ll lend you the book when I have read it.
If the camera has been found, it will be sent to you.
As long as we are patient, misery will turn into joys.
I’ll come and see you when I’m free.
After I leave New York, I’m to write to her.
Your father won’t go until you come.
Wait there till they come.
I will keep silence even though everyone asks me about it.
Anyone that comes will be warmly welcomed.
还可以用 hope, intend; be sure to, be bound to; may 或must 和动态动词连用表示将来等等。
2 过去将来时
以上谈到的是现在将来时间,与之密切相关的是过去的将来时间。过去将来时( future-in-the-past indefinite tense )表示从过去某一时间预言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。用于转述所说或所料想的情况,常用在谓语是过去时的宾语从句或间接引语中。常用表示法如下:
2.1 would /should(not)+动词原形
He told me that he would meet her at the school gate that Sunday.
I wondered if our football team would win.
I was sure that you would get a good job.
They said that the room would not be painted next week.
2.2 was/were going+动词不定式
They said they were going to see the film that evening.
The teacher told us there was going to be an English contest the next day.
2.3 was/were+动词不定式
The meeting was to be held the following week.
They were to discuss the problem the next day.
I was sure they were to win the first prize.
2.4 was/were about+动词不定式
He was about to leave when the telephone rang.
They were about to hit the boy.
2.5 was/were doing
用于动态动词,例如可以用come,go,start,leave,fly等表示位置移动的动词。
I was meeting her in Shanghai this Monday.
The volleyball players were flying to Paris the next week.
两者对比更容易掌握。见表格
现代英语中,将来时间表示方法形式多样,我们可以根据语境灵活运用。
参考文献
[1] 伦道夫·夸克等.英语语法大全[M],华东师范大学出版社,1989。
[2] 张道真.英语语法大全[M],首都师范大学出版社,2011:17。
[3] 薄冰等.英语语法手册[M],商务印书馆,2010:88-92。
【关键词】 将来时间 表示法
【中图分类号】G423 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)04(b)-0159-02
现代英语表示将来时间的手段是丰富多彩的,其中主要的有情态助动词will/shall(not)+动词原形,半助动词be going+动词不定式,半助动词be+动词不定式,半助动词be about+动词不定式,现在进行时以及一般现在时等等。
1 一般将来时
一般将来时(future indefinite tense)表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
1.1 will/shall(not)+动词原形,表示将来
常用于表示说话人对将来事态的预见、推测;有时表示意图;还可以表示单纯的将来,指不带任何感情色彩的将来。will用于所有人称单复数。shall用于第一人称单复数(I, we),在非正式语体中,尤其在美国英语中,已经比较少见,但在疑问句中,第一人称通常还是用shall,表示询问、征求意见等。在正式文体中will比be going to更可取。
例如:She will be 18 next month.
He’ll graduate from university next year.
After graduation, they’ll become doctors.
Shall I open the door?
Shall I get you some more coffee?
I will post this letter for you.
Use your mind, and you’ll find a good idea.
Your habits will determine your future.
你的习惯决定你的未来。
A small leak will sink a great ship.
小裂缝可以沉船。
Health, virtue and learning will ensure our happiness.
健康,德行和知识将保证我们幸福。
The project will be completed in five months.
这个项目将在五个月内完成。,
1.2 is/am/are going+动词不定式,表示将来时间。
用be going+动词不定式,表示近期打算去做的事情或者即将发生的情况。既能表示预见,通常指现在已有迹象表明即将发生的某种事态;也能表示意图,指现在打算将来做某事。可以用表示将来时间的状语,也可以不用时间状语。不要时间状语,通常表示即将或者不久将要发生某种事态。但是在始终涉及将来的话语中be going to往往不重复使用。
例如:Look at the clouds!There is going to be a heavy rain.
Be careful! The wall is going to fall.
What are you going to do tonight?
She’s going to help me with my English.
I am going to challenge myself.我将挑战自我。
注意be going to 一般不用于条件从句的领句中。例如,If you leave now, you’ll never regret it.而不用 If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
1.3 用“is/am/are+动词不定式”表示将来时间
be to do常用于表示根据安排将做某事,这种安排更加确定,一定会发生,通常不会改变。有时表达要求。
例如:The meeting is to take place in London.
They are to meet at the school gate at 8:00 tomorrow.
Mary is to visit China next week.
I am to make the real goal of life.
我一定要实现人生的目标。
Some books are to be tasted.
有些书必须浅尝。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock..
1.4 is/am/are about+动词不定式,表示将来。
be about to do 表示最近的将来,表示马上要做某事。
例如:The train is about to leave
He’s about to read your essay.
We are about to buy a car.
我们马上要买车。
The English evening is about to begin.
英语晚会即将开始。
1.5 用“现在进行时”表示将来时间
表示按计划、安排最近要发生的动作。用现在进行时表示将来时间只适用于表示动作的动词,不能用于表示状态的动词。例如可以用come,go,start,leave,fly等表示位置移动的动词。
例如:Hurry up!The bus is starting.
Who is coming to your school today? We are flying to New York tomorrow.
She is leaving now.
1.6 用“一般现在时”表示将来时间
表示计划中要发生的将来动作,含有计划好或安排好的意思。
a.用于简单句中,通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。一般用于动态动词,如:begin,come,go,leave,start,arrive,return,stop, open,close等等。
例如:The film begins at 7:00 p.m.this evening.
Tomorrow is Sunday.
What time does the train leave?
They start for Shanghai tomorrow morning.
The term closes on 5th July.
b. 用于时间或条件等从句中,表示将来的动作。
主句动词用将来时表示,时间或条件等从句用“一般现在时”(用现在完成时代替将来完成时)表示将来时间。最常见的引导从句的连词有if,when unless,as soon as,before,after,until,till等等。
例如:If she has time, she will drop in.
You won’t pass the exam unless you study harder.
As soon as you come back, he’ll give it to you.
I’ll lend you the book when I have read it.
If the camera has been found, it will be sent to you.
As long as we are patient, misery will turn into joys.
I’ll come and see you when I’m free.
After I leave New York, I’m to write to her.
Your father won’t go until you come.
Wait there till they come.
I will keep silence even though everyone asks me about it.
Anyone that comes will be warmly welcomed.
还可以用 hope, intend; be sure to, be bound to; may 或must 和动态动词连用表示将来等等。
2 过去将来时
以上谈到的是现在将来时间,与之密切相关的是过去的将来时间。过去将来时( future-in-the-past indefinite tense )表示从过去某一时间预言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。用于转述所说或所料想的情况,常用在谓语是过去时的宾语从句或间接引语中。常用表示法如下:
2.1 would /should(not)+动词原形
He told me that he would meet her at the school gate that Sunday.
I wondered if our football team would win.
I was sure that you would get a good job.
They said that the room would not be painted next week.
2.2 was/were going+动词不定式
They said they were going to see the film that evening.
The teacher told us there was going to be an English contest the next day.
2.3 was/were+动词不定式
The meeting was to be held the following week.
They were to discuss the problem the next day.
I was sure they were to win the first prize.
2.4 was/were about+动词不定式
He was about to leave when the telephone rang.
They were about to hit the boy.
2.5 was/were doing
用于动态动词,例如可以用come,go,start,leave,fly等表示位置移动的动词。
I was meeting her in Shanghai this Monday.
The volleyball players were flying to Paris the next week.
两者对比更容易掌握。见表格
现代英语中,将来时间表示方法形式多样,我们可以根据语境灵活运用。
参考文献
[1] 伦道夫·夸克等.英语语法大全[M],华东师范大学出版社,1989。
[2] 张道真.英语语法大全[M],首都师范大学出版社,2011:17。
[3] 薄冰等.英语语法手册[M],商务印书馆,2010:88-92。