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动词的考查是高考英语中的重点，而动词的时态语态既是英语学习的基础，又是英语测试的难点，也是每年高考必考的语法项目。下面笔者结合近几年的高考试题特点对动词的时态和语态归纳如下，希望对同学们的复习有所帮助。
★考点：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时与现在完成时主要有以下两点区别：（1）时间上有差异：凡由过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用现在完成时，如含有ago, last year, just now, the other day等。（2）结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
例1：I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _____ there several years ago.(2007 年全国卷一)
A.are going B.had been
C.went D.have been
解析：答案为C。several years ago是明显的过去时间状语，这样就排除了A和D两项，而B项是过去完成时，表达的是过去的过去，所以不成立，故选C。
例2：All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2003年北京春季高考卷）
A.completed B.complete
C.had been completed D.have been completed
解析：答案为D。根据and we’re ready to start可知：一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。
例3：My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America. (2006年江西卷)
A.workedB.would work
C.would be workingD.has been working
解析：答案为A。从and then went to America可以判断这里表示的动作与现在已经没有联系，所以选择A。
★考点：现在进行时的一些用法
现在进行时的基本特性是表示现在正在发生或正在进行的动作，除此之外，还可表示即将发生的动作，一般指在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。表示这种动作的动词有：come，go，leave，start，arrive等，并常与表示将来的状语连用。另外还可表示频繁、反复出现的习惯性动作，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用，常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等，这一用法在高考题中也经常涉及。
例1：Since I won the big prize，my telephone hasn't stopped ringing，people_____to ask how I am going to spend the money.（2005年湖南卷）
A.phoned B.will phone
C.were phoningD.are phoning
解析：答案为D。通过“my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing”，说明人们总是打电话，表示反复出现的动作。
例2：Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seatbelts.The plane________.(2006年福建卷)
A.takes off B.is taking off
C.has taken off D.took off
解析：答案为B。现在进行时表示按计划或安排要进行的动作。
★考点：现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时
这两种时态都强调动作过程的持续性。现在完成进行时表示某动作在过去某时刻发生，一直延续到现在，并且有可能还要继续下去；而过去进行时表示某动作在过去的过去发生，并一直延续到过去某时刻。在解题过程中，要特别留心动作是否有延续性以确定是否使用完成进行时。
例1：I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour. (2006年湖北卷)
A.has been workingB.will have worked
C.will have been working D.had worked
解析：答案为A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，故排除选项B和C；据时态呼应规律排除选项D；学生一直在做数学练习，直到规定时间完毕教师才公布答案。因此要用现在完成进行时。
例2：They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we on it as no good results have come out so far.（2005年江苏卷）
A.had been working; are still working
B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working
D.have worked; are still working
解析：答案为A。根据before I joined them可知：在我加入之前他们一直工作了将近一周，因此主句的时态应为过去完成进行时，故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续，故选择A。
例3：Now that she is out of job, Lucy______going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.(2004年北京卷)
A.had considered B.has been considering
C.considered D.is going to consider
解析：答案为B。我们根据前边she is out of job 和下文but she hasn’t decided yet判断出Lucy一直在考虑并且现在还在考虑这件事，因此要用现在完成进行时。
★考点：在同一题目中对时态和语态综合考查
这类题目已经成为近年命题的主流。主要是考查学生在具体的情景中确定时态和语态，具体情景中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键，在此过程中要特别注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景、说话人的情感及句子的语态等。
例1：I got caught in the rain and my suit______. (2007年北京卷 )
A.has ruined B.had ruined
C.has been ruined D.had been ruined
解析：答案为C。该句子的意思是：我被雨淋了，我的新衣服被糟蹋了。因此空格处应该用被动，排除A,B； 而第二个分句强调了发生在过去的事情对现在的影响，所以要用现在完成时，排除D。
例2：---The window is dirty.
---I know.It________for weeks.(2004年全国卷III)
A.hasn’t clean B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleanedD.hasn’t been cleaned
解析：时间状语for weeks提示用现在完成时，表示窗子脏的原因是已经有好几周没擦了，主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D。
例3：More patients ____ in hospital this year than last year.（2004年江苏卷）
A.treated B.have treated
C.had been treated D.have been treated
解析：句子主语“patients”与动词“treat”为被动关系，排除A项和B项。该题目同时对时态进行了考查，该谓语动词的时态应与“this year”而非“last year”相呼应，所以正确答案为D。
★考点：主动形式表被动含义
表示状态特征的连系动词如look, sound, feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等没有被动形式；另外表示主语的某种属性特征的动词如read,write,sell,wash,wear,open，lock等也经常用主动形式表被动含义，这类动词一般常跟一个修饰语；此外固定句型be to blame、动词rent,print等也经常用主动形式表被动含义。
例：I feel it is your husband who________for the spoiled child.（2002年上海卷）
A.is to blame B.is going to blame
C.is to be blameD.should blame
解析：答案为A。考查be to blame这一固定句型用主动形式表被动含义。译文：我感觉惯坏孩子该怨你的丈夫。
实战练习
1.When I entered the hall，the conference_________?for a quarter．
A.has begun B.had begun
C.had been onD.was on
2.——How do you like this kind of material?
——Well，itsmooth and soft．
A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
3.It is said that by the end of next year，another factory will___________in this area．
A.be builtB.have built
C.have been built D.have been building
4.——Tom,have you got what I said?
——Oh,sorry．__________.
A.I’m not listening B.I wasn’t listening
C.I haven’t listened D.I don’t listen
5.My father gave up smoking for a while，but soon?_____to his old ways, which made us unhappy．
A.returned B.returns
C.was returning D.had returned
6.All the guests________here?，and we’re ready to start the party．
A.comeB.cameC.had come D.have come
7.The boy walked into the classroom，_______down and began to do his homework．
A.seated B.sit C.sat D.have sat
8.The little girl_________ because she______the key to her bike and couldn’t go home.
A.had cried；1ostB.cried；had lost
C.has cried；has lost D.cries；has 1ost
9.——What a lovely city!
——Is this the first time you _______ in our city?
A.were B.come C.had come D.have been
10．——Sorry，I forgot to tell Mr. Smith the news.
——Never mind，________him myself this afternoon.
A.I’m going to tellB.I’d better tell
C.I’ll tellD.I’d rather tell
11．——Where _____the passport I can’t see it anywhere．
——I ___it in this drawer．But now it’s gone．
A.did you put；have put
B.have you put；put
C.had you put；was putting
D.were you putting；have put
12.——Have you moved into your new office building?
——Not yet．It_______.
A.is being decoratedB.is decorating
C.is decorated D.has been decorating
13.Mother_______supper when she burnt her finger．
A.cook B.is cooking
C.was cookingD.cooked
14．We were all surprised that Julia _______ us for New York very soon．
A.1eavesB.would leave
C.1eft D.had left
15.——Can I drive the car，Uncle Li?
——Er,you can when you_______your driving permit．
A.getB.will get C.are gettingD.got
1—5 CCCBA 6—10 DCBDC 11—15BACBA
★考点：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时与现在完成时主要有以下两点区别：（1）时间上有差异：凡由过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用现在完成时，如含有ago, last year, just now, the other day等。（2）结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
例1：I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _____ there several years ago.(2007 年全国卷一)
A.are going B.had been
C.went D.have been
解析：答案为C。several years ago是明显的过去时间状语，这样就排除了A和D两项，而B项是过去完成时，表达的是过去的过去，所以不成立，故选C。
例2：All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2003年北京春季高考卷）
A.completed B.complete
C.had been completed D.have been completed
解析：答案为D。根据and we’re ready to start可知：一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。
例3：My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America. (2006年江西卷)
A.workedB.would work
C.would be workingD.has been working
解析：答案为A。从and then went to America可以判断这里表示的动作与现在已经没有联系，所以选择A。
★考点：现在进行时的一些用法
现在进行时的基本特性是表示现在正在发生或正在进行的动作，除此之外，还可表示即将发生的动作，一般指在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。表示这种动作的动词有：come，go，leave，start，arrive等，并常与表示将来的状语连用。另外还可表示频繁、反复出现的习惯性动作，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用，常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等，这一用法在高考题中也经常涉及。
例1：Since I won the big prize，my telephone hasn't stopped ringing，people_____to ask how I am going to spend the money.（2005年湖南卷）
A.phoned B.will phone
C.were phoningD.are phoning
解析：答案为D。通过“my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing”，说明人们总是打电话，表示反复出现的动作。
例2：Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seatbelts.The plane________.(2006年福建卷)
A.takes off B.is taking off
C.has taken off D.took off
解析：答案为B。现在进行时表示按计划或安排要进行的动作。
★考点：现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时
这两种时态都强调动作过程的持续性。现在完成进行时表示某动作在过去某时刻发生，一直延续到现在，并且有可能还要继续下去；而过去进行时表示某动作在过去的过去发生，并一直延续到过去某时刻。在解题过程中，要特别留心动作是否有延续性以确定是否使用完成进行时。
例1：I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour. (2006年湖北卷)
A.has been workingB.will have worked
C.will have been working D.had worked
解析：答案为A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，故排除选项B和C；据时态呼应规律排除选项D；学生一直在做数学练习，直到规定时间完毕教师才公布答案。因此要用现在完成进行时。
例2：They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we on it as no good results have come out so far.（2005年江苏卷）
A.had been working; are still working
B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working
D.have worked; are still working
解析：答案为A。根据before I joined them可知：在我加入之前他们一直工作了将近一周，因此主句的时态应为过去完成进行时，故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续，故选择A。
例3：Now that she is out of job, Lucy______going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.(2004年北京卷)
A.had considered B.has been considering
C.considered D.is going to consider
解析：答案为B。我们根据前边she is out of job 和下文but she hasn’t decided yet判断出Lucy一直在考虑并且现在还在考虑这件事，因此要用现在完成进行时。
★考点：在同一题目中对时态和语态综合考查
这类题目已经成为近年命题的主流。主要是考查学生在具体的情景中确定时态和语态，具体情景中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键，在此过程中要特别注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景、说话人的情感及句子的语态等。
例1：I got caught in the rain and my suit______. (2007年北京卷 )
A.has ruined B.had ruined
C.has been ruined D.had been ruined
解析：答案为C。该句子的意思是：我被雨淋了，我的新衣服被糟蹋了。因此空格处应该用被动，排除A,B； 而第二个分句强调了发生在过去的事情对现在的影响，所以要用现在完成时，排除D。
例2：---The window is dirty.
---I know.It________for weeks.(2004年全国卷III)
A.hasn’t clean B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleanedD.hasn’t been cleaned
解析：时间状语for weeks提示用现在完成时，表示窗子脏的原因是已经有好几周没擦了，主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D。
例3：More patients ____ in hospital this year than last year.（2004年江苏卷）
A.treated B.have treated
C.had been treated D.have been treated
解析：句子主语“patients”与动词“treat”为被动关系，排除A项和B项。该题目同时对时态进行了考查，该谓语动词的时态应与“this year”而非“last year”相呼应，所以正确答案为D。
★考点：主动形式表被动含义
表示状态特征的连系动词如look, sound, feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等没有被动形式；另外表示主语的某种属性特征的动词如read,write,sell,wash,wear,open，lock等也经常用主动形式表被动含义，这类动词一般常跟一个修饰语；此外固定句型be to blame、动词rent,print等也经常用主动形式表被动含义。
例：I feel it is your husband who________for the spoiled child.（2002年上海卷）
A.is to blame B.is going to blame
C.is to be blameD.should blame
解析：答案为A。考查be to blame这一固定句型用主动形式表被动含义。译文：我感觉惯坏孩子该怨你的丈夫。
实战练习
1.When I entered the hall，the conference_________?for a quarter．
A.has begun B.had begun
C.had been onD.was on
2.——How do you like this kind of material?
——Well，itsmooth and soft．
A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
3.It is said that by the end of next year，another factory will___________in this area．
A.be builtB.have built
C.have been built D.have been building
4.——Tom,have you got what I said?
——Oh,sorry．__________.
A.I’m not listening B.I wasn’t listening
C.I haven’t listened D.I don’t listen
5.My father gave up smoking for a while，but soon?_____to his old ways, which made us unhappy．
A.returned B.returns
C.was returning D.had returned
6.All the guests________here?，and we’re ready to start the party．
A.comeB.cameC.had come D.have come
7.The boy walked into the classroom，_______down and began to do his homework．
A.seated B.sit C.sat D.have sat
8.The little girl_________ because she______the key to her bike and couldn’t go home.
A.had cried；1ostB.cried；had lost
C.has cried；has lost D.cries；has 1ost
9.——What a lovely city!
——Is this the first time you _______ in our city?
A.were B.come C.had come D.have been
10．——Sorry，I forgot to tell Mr. Smith the news.
——Never mind，________him myself this afternoon.
A.I’m going to tellB.I’d better tell
C.I’ll tellD.I’d rather tell
11．——Where _____the passport I can’t see it anywhere．
——I ___it in this drawer．But now it’s gone．
A.did you put；have put
B.have you put；put
C.had you put；was putting
D.were you putting；have put
12.——Have you moved into your new office building?
——Not yet．It_______.
A.is being decoratedB.is decorating
C.is decorated D.has been decorating
13.Mother_______supper when she burnt her finger．
A.cook B.is cooking
C.was cookingD.cooked
14．We were all surprised that Julia _______ us for New York very soon．
A.1eavesB.would leave
C.1eft D.had left
15.——Can I drive the car，Uncle Li?
——Er,you can when you_______your driving permit．
A.getB.will get C.are gettingD.got
1—5 CCCBA 6—10 DCBDC 11—15BACBA