Study on soil phosphorus(P) fraction is an important aspect in probing the mechanisms of soil P accumulation in farmland and mitigating its losing risk to the environment. We used a sequential extraction method to evaluate the impacts of long-term fertilization and straw incorporation on inorganic, organic, and residual P(Pi, Po, and Pre) fractions in the plow layer(0–20 cm) of acidic paddy soil in southern China. The experiment comprised of six treatments:(i) no fertilizer control(CK);(ii) straw incorporation and green manure(SG);(iii) nitrogen and P fertilizer(NP);(iv) NP+SG;(v) NP+K fertilizer(NPK); and(vi) NPK+SG. The results showed that, compared to the initial total soil P content(TSP, 600 mg kg–1 in 1990), long-term(20 years) combined continuous P fertilizer and SG significantly increased P accumulation(by 13–20%) while single fertilization(39.3 kg P ha–1 yr–1) could maintain soil P status at the most. The average soil P fractions comprised of extractable Pi, Po, and Pre by 51.7, 33.4, and 14.9% in total soil P, respectively. With comparison of no fertilizer addition(CK), long-term single fertilization significantly(P<0.05) increased the accumulation of Na HCO3–, Na OH–, and HCl– extractable Pi fractions accounting for two- to three-fold, while SG increased the accumulation of Na HCO3– and Na OH– extractable Piand Po accounting for 12–60%. Though the mobilization of Pre fractions was not significant(P>0.05), our data indicate that SG may partially substitute for fertilizer P input and minimizing soil P accumulation and subsequent environmental risk in the subtropical paddy soil. Study on soil phosphorus (P) fraction is an important aspect in probing the mechanisms of soil P accumulation in farmland and mitigating its losing risk to the environment. We used a sequential extraction method to evaluate the impacts of long-term fertilization and straw incorporation on inorganic, organic, and residual P (Pi, Po, and Pre) fractions in the plow layer (0-20 cm) of acidic paddy soil in southern China. The experiment comprised of six treatments: (i) (iii) nitrogen and P fertilizer (NP); (iv) NP + SG; (v) NP + K fertilizer (NPK); and (vi) NPK + SG. The results showed that, compared to the initial total soil P content (TSP, 600 mg kg -1 in 1990), long-term (20 years) combined continuous P fertilizer and SG significantly increased P accumulation (by 13-20%) while Single fertilization (39.3 kg P ha-1 yr-1) could maintain soil P status at the most. The average soil P fractions comprised of extractable Pi, Po, and P re by 51.7, 33.4, and 14.9% in total soil P, respectively. With comparison of no fertilizer addition (CK), long-term single fertilization significantly (P <0.05) increased the accumulation of Na HCO3-, Na OH-, and HCl- extractable Pi fractions accounting for two- to three-fold, while SG increased the accumulation of Na HCO3- and Na OH- extractable Piand Po accounting for 12-60%. Although the mobilization of Pre fractions was not significant (P> 0.05 ), our data indicates that SG may partially substitute for fertilizer P input and minimizing soil P accumulation and subsequent environmental risk in the subtropical paddy soil.