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Application of plant biotechnology in crop protection has been successful in reducing yield losses and product quality due to pest infestation and viral diseases.With the exception of Europe, genetic engineering of crops has been adopted by seed companies worldwide.In contrast to resistance to pests and viruses, engineering crops for resistance against fungal pathogens have been hampered by recurrent backslashes.In spite of numerous innovative ideas that have been tested in research laboratories and field trials, the impact of GM crops on fungal resistance management has so far been limited.