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近年来,全省各市在中考英语的试卷结构、考试内容、考试要求等方面都进行了适当的调整,以更好地体现初中英语新课程改革的目标。完形填空作为一直沿用的题型,虽然在形式和小题数量上变化不大,但在命题思路上也有了很大突破。2009年江苏省十三市中考英语试卷中完形填空试题的命制,不仅考查学生的语言知识,更注重考查学生的逻辑思维能力和对具体语境的把握,尤其是对整体语义的理解能力。以下是对中考完形填空试题命题思路和解答技巧的探析,希望同学们能从中了解规律,掌握方法,提高解答完形填空试题的准确率。
一、命题趋势分析
1. 2010年江苏省各市中考英语完形填空试题的命制会坚持立足语篇、突出综合运用、进一步体现“考查学生用语言做事情的能力”的命题指导思想。
2. 尽可能发挥题型综合考查的特点,题干设空以语义为主,考查内容集中在对名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词的理解以及搭配、辨析词语的能力上,考点分布尽量考虑语篇层次和意义因素,注重考查学生在具体语境中运用所学英语知识与技能的能力。
3. 语言素材选择将坚持真实、地道、典型的原则,文章选材贴近学生生活实际,体现多样化,具有人文性、时代性和教育性。
4. 重视考查学生阅读的广度和深度,如对各种不同题材和体裁文章的背景知识储备;加大考查学生对英语的整体感知能力,以及在语境中运用逻辑推理作出推断、归纳和整理以解决问题的能力。
二、典型题例回顾
2009年苏州市中考英语完形填空题(保留原题号)
My mother often asked me,“What is the most important part of the body?” Through the years I would guess at _____16 _____I thought was the correct answer.
When I was younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, “My _____17 _____, Mommy.”
She said,“No. Many people are deaf. But you _____ 18 _____ thinking about it and I will ask you again soon.”
Then last year, my grandpa_____19 _____ . Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. My mom looked at me when it was our _____ 20 _____ to say our final goodbye to Grandpa. She asked me, “Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?”
I was shocked _____ 21 _____ she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between her and me. She saw the confusion(迷惑) on my face and told me, “This _____22is very important. It shows that you have _____23 _____lived your life.” I saw her eyes well up with tears(眼泪). She said, “My dear, the most important body part is your shoulder.”
I asked, “Is it because it holds up your head?”
She replied,“No, it is because it can hold the head of a friend or loved one when they _____ 24 _____. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometimes in life, my dear. I only hope that you have enough love and _____ 25 _____ that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it.”
16. A. if B. what C. that D. whether
17. A. ear B. eyesC. bodyD. head
18. A. feel B. stop C. keepD. forget
19. A. worried B. visited C. died D. came
20. A. need B. chance C. duty D. turn
21. A. whenB. unless C. before D. but
22. A. experience B. answerC. problemD. question
23. A. easily B. reallyC. carefullyD. especially
24. A .sleep B. thinkC. laugh D. cry
25. A. visitors B. friendsC. classmates D. teachers
本篇短文语言浅易但内容丰富,讲述了作者在母亲的帮助下,逐步懂得拥有爱心是人生最重要的财富这一道理。此完形填空试题考点设立较具代表性,10个考点考查了4个名词、3个动词、1个副词、1个代词和1个连词。全篇10个选项几乎都考虑到了语境的重要性,学生必须读懂全文,同时结合上下文和所给选项的意义才能选对答案,充分体现了完形填空题型考查学生理解、运用词汇和搭配的能力以及根据生活常识进行推理和判断的能力。
[答案与解析]
16. 根据首句提供的信息和所给四个选项,可以推断本句考查的是宾语从句。本段意思是说,对母亲提出的问题,作者一直在思考什么是正确的答案。A、C、D三个选项在功能和句义上均不恰当,故答案应为B。
17. 从上下文可知,作者认为“声音”对人类最重要,而母亲却说生活中有许多人根本听不见声音,因此A项最符合逻辑。
本篇完形填空的选材富有教育意义,文章的结构完整、层次清楚、语言优美,是一篇夹叙夹议的美文。文章讲述了一个老人坚持了超过25年的慈善义举,给无数无家可归的人带来温暖与快乐,他的行为感动并影响了很多人。文章在设题上力求知识的覆盖面广,在考查基础知识、基本技能的同时,更加关注对语篇的全面理解。考点以常用词的综合运用为主,主要涉及词义辨析、习惯搭配、语句分析、篇章结构和推理判断等方面的知识和能力。15个考点考查了3个名词、4个动词、3个形容词、2个代词、2个连词和1个副词。在选词比例和考项分布上侧重实词,较好地测试了学生的阅读能力和理解水平。
[答案与解析]
16. 通过浏览全文和首尾句段,可知布鲁斯老人在家乡较贫困地区开了一家餐厅,免费给穷困和无家可归的人提供食物。从此事可以断定老人是一位慷慨善良的人,尽管他餐厅里的食物不一定是最好的。因此正确选项为D。
17. 所给的四个选项均为形容词,虽然在语法和结构上都是正确的,放在全文中, 则不一定正确。结合词汇意义和语境可知答案为B。
18. 通过对上下文语句的分析,可以得出答案为C。空格所在句子的意思是,老人不仅接待顾客,还照顾那些贫穷和无家可归的人。
19. 本题考查词义和语境的理解。根据文意和上下文语境,正确答案为A。
20. 通过将词语辨析和逻辑推理相结合,可知在感恩节这天老人和自己的儿子早早开始准备食品,为的是让那些饥寒交迫的人都能吃上丰盛的大餐,共同庆祝节日。故选项B为正确答案。
21. 本题提供的四个选项从搭配上判断都是正确的,所以应从逻辑、语篇及语境角度推断答案。本段落主要讲述老人开餐厅的经费来源,答案为D。
22. 结合语境和搭配,可以判断B为最佳选择。
23. 从“Daddy’s supporters”可以推断出老人的行为感动了许多人,人们纷纷解囊相助,加入此慈善活动。故答案是A。
24. 根据文章发展的脉络和动词搭配,此空应选择A。句意是:支持者们挤出时间义务到餐厅帮助服务。
25. 本题主要考查了语篇结构知识。因行文逻辑和衔接的需要,结合惯用法,这里的正确答案为C。
26. 通过对前后句和上下段意思的分析,可以推断凡是从老人餐厅里出来的人都是吃饱了饭,感到心满意足的,因此答案为C。
27. 结合上下文、空格所在句子结构和所给选项的意义,可知答案为A。
28. 解答本题时必须要在理解全文的基础上,结合相关的背景知识来找答案。通过对上述事件的总结,可知政府决定将老人所在街道更名为Daddy Bruce,以表彰他的行为。更名仪式的举行时间在老人去世前几年,因此他是为数不多亲眼目睹此次盛典的人。故答案为B。
29. 此空所提供的四个选项都是动词,均可和后面部分构成合理搭配,但根据语境,这里的意思是问老人为何愿意且能几十年如一日无偿为穷人服务,因老人此举纯属自愿,并不是迫于无奈或偶然,所以只能选C。
30. 本空所在位置是短文的最后一段,是文章的总结,即通过叙述这件事让读者从中受到某种启发。从语篇和作者想要传递的信息的角度进行比较分析,可知答案为D。
三、解题策略指导
从以上分析可见,2009年全省各市完形填空试题主要考查学生综合运用语言的能力。因此,同学们在复习中既应重视核心词汇和语法知识的落实,加强自觉有序的课内外阅读,培养扎实的语言功底,还应适量做一些针对性强的实战演练题。另外在答题时一定要确立四个意识,优化答题思路:
1. 以“整体意识”为前提,实现语义层面的“完意”。
完形填空题型通常是把一篇完整的短文从中挖去数个词,造成语意空白,以检测学生对语篇的理解和逻辑推理能力,以及在特定语境中运用词语的能力。因此,同学们在做题时不能逐字逐句地抠字眼,要改变过去习惯于句子表层意思上的理解而忽视语言所表达的整体思想内容的做法。要通过快速跳读全文和对已有信息的加工,预示文章大意,补足信息链上缺损的环节,整体处理语篇。快速阅读时要注意理顺文章的逻辑关系,找出文章段落之间的内在联系,从而把握全文的篇章主题和中心思想,使短文呈现为一个有意义的整体。
2. 以“文体意识”为抓手,实现语篇层面的“完整”。
2009年全省完形填空题选文体裁以记叙文为主,说明文、议论文所占比例较小,但值得关注的是,选文体裁的形式正向多元化方向发展。因此,把握文体特征也有助于同学们理解文意与准确答题。通常文章的文体不同,语篇的结构就不同。如记叙文文体通常有六个基本组成部分,即who(何人)、what(何事)、when(何时)、where(何地)、why(何因)、how(怎么),弄清了这六个要素,基本上就理解了整篇文章。说明文通常一开头就点明要说明的主题,行文主要解释或揭示事物的概念、最本质的属性,以及事物的演变、结果及其相互之间的关系。议论文开头往往是提出问题(论点),说明文章要议论什么,中间部分是对开头部分所提出的论点加以分析,结尾部分则提出解决问题的办法或得出一个结论。了解英语语篇组织规律有助于找准解题的切入点,保证语篇的衔接和连贯。
3. 以“结构意识”为核心,实现语境层面的“完形”。
完形填空的命题原则是以上下文或全文的内容为衡量标准,在注重考查学生语篇理解能力的前提下,兼顾对辨析句子结构的能力、辨析词义的能力、逻辑推理的能力的考查。可以这么说,整个语篇其实就是一个大结构,各语段是一个个小结构,语法、习惯用法及习惯搭配是其中的类结构。同学们在判断某一空白该填哪个选项时一定要有结构意识,要自觉将所选答案放到结构中去检验和思考,看是否符合上下文的逻辑,是否能保证段与段、句与句之间的层次和联系,是否在时态、语态以及代词的指代、名词单复数上一致,要尽可能在结构意识的引导下,结合语境将散状的语言知识通过多向联系、沟通和延伸与语篇有机结合。
4. 以“文化意识”为杠杆,实现语用层面的“完美”。
语言是文化的重要载体,新课程下的英语中考越来越强调语言与文化的统一。事实上,语篇是离不开社会文化因素的,中考完形填空试题在语篇信息中总是渗透着一定的文化背景知识和生活常识,以考查同学们分析文化背景和综合运用常识的能力。因此在答题时,同学们还要增强文化意识,养成对比习惯,在理解文章表层意义的同时,更要考虑英语国家的风俗习惯,人们的生活方式、宗教信仰、思维方式等文化背景,弄清文章的深层意义。要特别注意一些固定搭配、习惯用法和一些词汇的内涵、外延、褒贬等文化色彩,确保选择的答案既能准确表述思想,同时也符合地道的英语文化。
四、题型实战演练
(一)
Every year, thousands of people come to Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, to be part of the Edinburgh Festival. For three weeks every August and September the _____1 _____ is filled with actors and artists from all over the world. They come to Edinburgh for the biggest arts _____2 _____ in Britain. During this time the streets of the city are _____3 _____ with music and dance from early morning until late at night. You can even _____4 _____artists painting pictures on the streets. One of the best _____5 _____ of the festival is the ‘Fringe’, where students _____6 _____ comic shows in small halls and cafes.
Tens of thousands of _____7 _____come to the festival to see new films and plays and hear music played by famous musicians. This year, you can see over five hundred performances with actors from more than forty _____8.
The tickets for these performances are quite _____9 _____and it is usually easier to see your favourite star in Edinburgh _____ 10 _____ it is in London. So come to Edinburgh next summer, but remember it can be difficult to find a room, so why not book your hotel now?
1. A. town B. city C. village D. centre
2. A. meeting B. interview C. festival D. competition
3. A. alive B. crowded C. deaf D. wild
4. A. invite B. see C. ask D. tell
5. A. games B. pieces C. chances D. parts
6. A. do B. invent C. study D. manage
7. A. citizens B. coulpes C. fans D. tourists
8. A. groups B. countries C. clubs D. universities
9. A. expensive B. high C. cheap D. low
10. A. when B. where C. than D. since
(二)
When I was six years old, I never thought I would feel happy inside again. My father had just died. He had been _____1 _____ for a very long time and never could play with me. The _____ 2 _____ Day after my father died, we had to make _____3 _____ for our dads at school. No one seemed to understand how _____4 _____I was inside not to have a dad, and not to have anyone to make a card for.
Then the most _____5 _____ thing happened. My mom met Michael. On New Year’s Eve, we all sat down together and said our thanks for the _____6 _____year and our wishes for the new year. I told Michael that my _____7 _____was that he would be a dad to me. He said yes—8 _____ only if he could really be a father to me, not just do all the fun things. I said yes. Of course, Mom thought _____9 _____was all pretty wonderful, too.
I want to _____10 _____ Michael for being my dad, for being there for me and for taking away _____11 _____ of the sadness. I want to thank Michael for _____12 _____ basketball with me and for being at all of my football games. But _____13 _____ I want to thank Michael for teaching me that parents can come to us in many different ways, and that a person who did not help to _____14 _____ you can be as much or more of a person to you _____15 _____ someone who did. Happy Father’s Day, Dad!
1. A. absent B. sick C. bad D. tired
2. A. Children’s B. Mother’s C. Father’s D. Women’s
3. A. cards B. beds C. posters D. cakes
4. A. lonely B. unlucky C. angry D. sad
5. A. important B. wonderful C. interesting D. humorous
6. A. full B. past C. whole D. long
7. A. plan B. advice C. idea D. wish
8. A. but B. and C. so D. or
9. A. what B. this C. such D. that
10. A. send B. ask C. leave D. thank
11. A. little B. much C. some D. none
12. A. throwing B. taking C. having D. playing
13. A. generally B. mostly C. nearly D. greatly
14. A. create B. get C. feed D. teach
15. A. than B. as C. if D. though
(三)
High school students often wear uniforms to school. But students have _____1 _____ feelings on this matter. Joyce _____ 2 _____ uniforms with other clothes and considers that uniforms are the better choice for students. To students, _____3 _____should matter more than fashion. This is why they should wear _____4 _____to attend school. Compared with casual dress, school uniforms have more _____5. The most important of them all is that they allow all students to become equal. It no longer _____ 6 _____who has the coolest style or who has the most expensive dress. Everybody’s attention is free to centre on the _____7 _____. What is more, school uniforms help students _____8 _____time getting ready in the morning. Without them,students may spend 20 minutes deciding what to wear and wondering about suitable clothes for PE class. _____9 _____, uniformed students can be out the door as soon as they have eaten breakfast and _____10 _____their schoolbooks. Lastly, uniforms have the upper hand because they are not as costly as a dress, which changes with the seasons. Imagine the freedom of one suit for all the school year in comparison to one per day.
1. A. common B. pleasant C. mixed D. strong
2. A. compares B. connects C. matches D. wears
3. A. homework B. education C. interest D. behaviour
4. A. jeans B. jackets C. coats D. uniforms
5. A. values B. advantages C. problems D. costs
6. A. lasts B. changes C. suffers D. matters
7. A. lessons B. purposes C. lines D. terms
8. A. waste B. take C. save D. share
9. A. Sometimes B. However C. Then D. Afterwards
10. A. packed B. described C. held D. returned
(四)
Why do we clap? To show we like something, of course. But we don’t _____1 _____ at the end of a television programme or a book, however good they are. We clap at the end of a _____2 _____ performance, such as a play, or a concert, to say thank you to the performers. First they _____3 ______, and then we give.
The _____4 _____of clapping has early beginnings. In classical Athens, hand clapping _____ meant opinions and taking part. Plays were often in competition with each other, and continued clapping helped a play to _____5. The theatre was large—it could hold 14,000 people, half the adult male population of the city, which meant that the audience could make a lot of noise.
Clapping was a _____6 _____of being part of the group, and of being equal between actors and audience. The important thing was to make the noise together, to _____7 _____one’s own small hand clap to others. Clapping is _____ 8 _____, like laughter: you don’t very often clap or laugh out loud alone. It’s like _____9 _____ in another way, too: it is catching, and _____10 _____very quickly. Clapping at concerts and theatres is a worldwide habit. But some events in which people clap change from one country to another. For example, in Britain people clap at a wedding, but in Italy they sometimes clap when a dead person rests forever.
1. A. shout B. clap C. laugh D. jump
2. A. live B. enjoyable C. helpful D. meaningful
3. A. talk B. sing C. dance D. give
4. A. action B. example C. habit D. spirit
5. A. lose B. close C. open D. win
6. A. sign B. notice C. reply D. tale
7. A. break B. follow C. turn D. add
8. A. peaceful B. noisy C. social D. usual
9. A. feeling B. laughter C. luck D. news
10. A. spreads B. turns C. reduces D. walks
参考答案:
(一)1-5B C A B D6-10A D B C C
(二)1-5B C A D B6-10B D A B D 11-15B D B A B
(三)1-5C A B D B6-10D A C B A
(四)1-5B A D C D6-10A D C B A
一、命题趋势分析
1. 2010年江苏省各市中考英语完形填空试题的命制会坚持立足语篇、突出综合运用、进一步体现“考查学生用语言做事情的能力”的命题指导思想。
2. 尽可能发挥题型综合考查的特点,题干设空以语义为主,考查内容集中在对名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词的理解以及搭配、辨析词语的能力上,考点分布尽量考虑语篇层次和意义因素,注重考查学生在具体语境中运用所学英语知识与技能的能力。
3. 语言素材选择将坚持真实、地道、典型的原则,文章选材贴近学生生活实际,体现多样化,具有人文性、时代性和教育性。
4. 重视考查学生阅读的广度和深度,如对各种不同题材和体裁文章的背景知识储备;加大考查学生对英语的整体感知能力,以及在语境中运用逻辑推理作出推断、归纳和整理以解决问题的能力。
二、典型题例回顾
2009年苏州市中考英语完形填空题(保留原题号)
My mother often asked me,“What is the most important part of the body?” Through the years I would guess at _____16 _____I thought was the correct answer.
When I was younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, “My _____17 _____, Mommy.”
She said,“No. Many people are deaf. But you _____ 18 _____ thinking about it and I will ask you again soon.”
Then last year, my grandpa_____19 _____ . Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. My mom looked at me when it was our _____ 20 _____ to say our final goodbye to Grandpa. She asked me, “Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?”
I was shocked _____ 21 _____ she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between her and me. She saw the confusion(迷惑) on my face and told me, “This _____22is very important. It shows that you have _____23 _____lived your life.” I saw her eyes well up with tears(眼泪). She said, “My dear, the most important body part is your shoulder.”
I asked, “Is it because it holds up your head?”
She replied,“No, it is because it can hold the head of a friend or loved one when they _____ 24 _____. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometimes in life, my dear. I only hope that you have enough love and _____ 25 _____ that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it.”
16. A. if B. what C. that D. whether
17. A. ear B. eyesC. bodyD. head
18. A. feel B. stop C. keepD. forget
19. A. worried B. visited C. died D. came
20. A. need B. chance C. duty D. turn
21. A. whenB. unless C. before D. but
22. A. experience B. answerC. problemD. question
23. A. easily B. reallyC. carefullyD. especially
24. A .sleep B. thinkC. laugh D. cry
25. A. visitors B. friendsC. classmates D. teachers
本篇短文语言浅易但内容丰富,讲述了作者在母亲的帮助下,逐步懂得拥有爱心是人生最重要的财富这一道理。此完形填空试题考点设立较具代表性,10个考点考查了4个名词、3个动词、1个副词、1个代词和1个连词。全篇10个选项几乎都考虑到了语境的重要性,学生必须读懂全文,同时结合上下文和所给选项的意义才能选对答案,充分体现了完形填空题型考查学生理解、运用词汇和搭配的能力以及根据生活常识进行推理和判断的能力。
[答案与解析]
16. 根据首句提供的信息和所给四个选项,可以推断本句考查的是宾语从句。本段意思是说,对母亲提出的问题,作者一直在思考什么是正确的答案。A、C、D三个选项在功能和句义上均不恰当,故答案应为B。
17. 从上下文可知,作者认为“声音”对人类最重要,而母亲却说生活中有许多人根本听不见声音,因此A项最符合逻辑。
本篇完形填空的选材富有教育意义,文章的结构完整、层次清楚、语言优美,是一篇夹叙夹议的美文。文章讲述了一个老人坚持了超过25年的慈善义举,给无数无家可归的人带来温暖与快乐,他的行为感动并影响了很多人。文章在设题上力求知识的覆盖面广,在考查基础知识、基本技能的同时,更加关注对语篇的全面理解。考点以常用词的综合运用为主,主要涉及词义辨析、习惯搭配、语句分析、篇章结构和推理判断等方面的知识和能力。15个考点考查了3个名词、4个动词、3个形容词、2个代词、2个连词和1个副词。在选词比例和考项分布上侧重实词,较好地测试了学生的阅读能力和理解水平。
[答案与解析]
16. 通过浏览全文和首尾句段,可知布鲁斯老人在家乡较贫困地区开了一家餐厅,免费给穷困和无家可归的人提供食物。从此事可以断定老人是一位慷慨善良的人,尽管他餐厅里的食物不一定是最好的。因此正确选项为D。
17. 所给的四个选项均为形容词,虽然在语法和结构上都是正确的,放在全文中, 则不一定正确。结合词汇意义和语境可知答案为B。
18. 通过对上下文语句的分析,可以得出答案为C。空格所在句子的意思是,老人不仅接待顾客,还照顾那些贫穷和无家可归的人。
19. 本题考查词义和语境的理解。根据文意和上下文语境,正确答案为A。
20. 通过将词语辨析和逻辑推理相结合,可知在感恩节这天老人和自己的儿子早早开始准备食品,为的是让那些饥寒交迫的人都能吃上丰盛的大餐,共同庆祝节日。故选项B为正确答案。
21. 本题提供的四个选项从搭配上判断都是正确的,所以应从逻辑、语篇及语境角度推断答案。本段落主要讲述老人开餐厅的经费来源,答案为D。
22. 结合语境和搭配,可以判断B为最佳选择。
23. 从“Daddy’s supporters”可以推断出老人的行为感动了许多人,人们纷纷解囊相助,加入此慈善活动。故答案是A。
24. 根据文章发展的脉络和动词搭配,此空应选择A。句意是:支持者们挤出时间义务到餐厅帮助服务。
25. 本题主要考查了语篇结构知识。因行文逻辑和衔接的需要,结合惯用法,这里的正确答案为C。
26. 通过对前后句和上下段意思的分析,可以推断凡是从老人餐厅里出来的人都是吃饱了饭,感到心满意足的,因此答案为C。
27. 结合上下文、空格所在句子结构和所给选项的意义,可知答案为A。
28. 解答本题时必须要在理解全文的基础上,结合相关的背景知识来找答案。通过对上述事件的总结,可知政府决定将老人所在街道更名为Daddy Bruce,以表彰他的行为。更名仪式的举行时间在老人去世前几年,因此他是为数不多亲眼目睹此次盛典的人。故答案为B。
29. 此空所提供的四个选项都是动词,均可和后面部分构成合理搭配,但根据语境,这里的意思是问老人为何愿意且能几十年如一日无偿为穷人服务,因老人此举纯属自愿,并不是迫于无奈或偶然,所以只能选C。
30. 本空所在位置是短文的最后一段,是文章的总结,即通过叙述这件事让读者从中受到某种启发。从语篇和作者想要传递的信息的角度进行比较分析,可知答案为D。
三、解题策略指导
从以上分析可见,2009年全省各市完形填空试题主要考查学生综合运用语言的能力。因此,同学们在复习中既应重视核心词汇和语法知识的落实,加强自觉有序的课内外阅读,培养扎实的语言功底,还应适量做一些针对性强的实战演练题。另外在答题时一定要确立四个意识,优化答题思路:
1. 以“整体意识”为前提,实现语义层面的“完意”。
完形填空题型通常是把一篇完整的短文从中挖去数个词,造成语意空白,以检测学生对语篇的理解和逻辑推理能力,以及在特定语境中运用词语的能力。因此,同学们在做题时不能逐字逐句地抠字眼,要改变过去习惯于句子表层意思上的理解而忽视语言所表达的整体思想内容的做法。要通过快速跳读全文和对已有信息的加工,预示文章大意,补足信息链上缺损的环节,整体处理语篇。快速阅读时要注意理顺文章的逻辑关系,找出文章段落之间的内在联系,从而把握全文的篇章主题和中心思想,使短文呈现为一个有意义的整体。
2. 以“文体意识”为抓手,实现语篇层面的“完整”。
2009年全省完形填空题选文体裁以记叙文为主,说明文、议论文所占比例较小,但值得关注的是,选文体裁的形式正向多元化方向发展。因此,把握文体特征也有助于同学们理解文意与准确答题。通常文章的文体不同,语篇的结构就不同。如记叙文文体通常有六个基本组成部分,即who(何人)、what(何事)、when(何时)、where(何地)、why(何因)、how(怎么),弄清了这六个要素,基本上就理解了整篇文章。说明文通常一开头就点明要说明的主题,行文主要解释或揭示事物的概念、最本质的属性,以及事物的演变、结果及其相互之间的关系。议论文开头往往是提出问题(论点),说明文章要议论什么,中间部分是对开头部分所提出的论点加以分析,结尾部分则提出解决问题的办法或得出一个结论。了解英语语篇组织规律有助于找准解题的切入点,保证语篇的衔接和连贯。
3. 以“结构意识”为核心,实现语境层面的“完形”。
完形填空的命题原则是以上下文或全文的内容为衡量标准,在注重考查学生语篇理解能力的前提下,兼顾对辨析句子结构的能力、辨析词义的能力、逻辑推理的能力的考查。可以这么说,整个语篇其实就是一个大结构,各语段是一个个小结构,语法、习惯用法及习惯搭配是其中的类结构。同学们在判断某一空白该填哪个选项时一定要有结构意识,要自觉将所选答案放到结构中去检验和思考,看是否符合上下文的逻辑,是否能保证段与段、句与句之间的层次和联系,是否在时态、语态以及代词的指代、名词单复数上一致,要尽可能在结构意识的引导下,结合语境将散状的语言知识通过多向联系、沟通和延伸与语篇有机结合。
4. 以“文化意识”为杠杆,实现语用层面的“完美”。
语言是文化的重要载体,新课程下的英语中考越来越强调语言与文化的统一。事实上,语篇是离不开社会文化因素的,中考完形填空试题在语篇信息中总是渗透着一定的文化背景知识和生活常识,以考查同学们分析文化背景和综合运用常识的能力。因此在答题时,同学们还要增强文化意识,养成对比习惯,在理解文章表层意义的同时,更要考虑英语国家的风俗习惯,人们的生活方式、宗教信仰、思维方式等文化背景,弄清文章的深层意义。要特别注意一些固定搭配、习惯用法和一些词汇的内涵、外延、褒贬等文化色彩,确保选择的答案既能准确表述思想,同时也符合地道的英语文化。
四、题型实战演练
(一)
Every year, thousands of people come to Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, to be part of the Edinburgh Festival. For three weeks every August and September the _____1 _____ is filled with actors and artists from all over the world. They come to Edinburgh for the biggest arts _____2 _____ in Britain. During this time the streets of the city are _____3 _____ with music and dance from early morning until late at night. You can even _____4 _____artists painting pictures on the streets. One of the best _____5 _____ of the festival is the ‘Fringe’, where students _____6 _____ comic shows in small halls and cafes.
Tens of thousands of _____7 _____come to the festival to see new films and plays and hear music played by famous musicians. This year, you can see over five hundred performances with actors from more than forty _____8.
The tickets for these performances are quite _____9 _____and it is usually easier to see your favourite star in Edinburgh _____ 10 _____ it is in London. So come to Edinburgh next summer, but remember it can be difficult to find a room, so why not book your hotel now?
1. A. town B. city C. village D. centre
2. A. meeting B. interview C. festival D. competition
3. A. alive B. crowded C. deaf D. wild
4. A. invite B. see C. ask D. tell
5. A. games B. pieces C. chances D. parts
6. A. do B. invent C. study D. manage
7. A. citizens B. coulpes C. fans D. tourists
8. A. groups B. countries C. clubs D. universities
9. A. expensive B. high C. cheap D. low
10. A. when B. where C. than D. since
(二)
When I was six years old, I never thought I would feel happy inside again. My father had just died. He had been _____1 _____ for a very long time and never could play with me. The _____ 2 _____ Day after my father died, we had to make _____3 _____ for our dads at school. No one seemed to understand how _____4 _____I was inside not to have a dad, and not to have anyone to make a card for.
Then the most _____5 _____ thing happened. My mom met Michael. On New Year’s Eve, we all sat down together and said our thanks for the _____6 _____year and our wishes for the new year. I told Michael that my _____7 _____was that he would be a dad to me. He said yes—8 _____ only if he could really be a father to me, not just do all the fun things. I said yes. Of course, Mom thought _____9 _____was all pretty wonderful, too.
I want to _____10 _____ Michael for being my dad, for being there for me and for taking away _____11 _____ of the sadness. I want to thank Michael for _____12 _____ basketball with me and for being at all of my football games. But _____13 _____ I want to thank Michael for teaching me that parents can come to us in many different ways, and that a person who did not help to _____14 _____ you can be as much or more of a person to you _____15 _____ someone who did. Happy Father’s Day, Dad!
1. A. absent B. sick C. bad D. tired
2. A. Children’s B. Mother’s C. Father’s D. Women’s
3. A. cards B. beds C. posters D. cakes
4. A. lonely B. unlucky C. angry D. sad
5. A. important B. wonderful C. interesting D. humorous
6. A. full B. past C. whole D. long
7. A. plan B. advice C. idea D. wish
8. A. but B. and C. so D. or
9. A. what B. this C. such D. that
10. A. send B. ask C. leave D. thank
11. A. little B. much C. some D. none
12. A. throwing B. taking C. having D. playing
13. A. generally B. mostly C. nearly D. greatly
14. A. create B. get C. feed D. teach
15. A. than B. as C. if D. though
(三)
High school students often wear uniforms to school. But students have _____1 _____ feelings on this matter. Joyce _____ 2 _____ uniforms with other clothes and considers that uniforms are the better choice for students. To students, _____3 _____should matter more than fashion. This is why they should wear _____4 _____to attend school. Compared with casual dress, school uniforms have more _____5. The most important of them all is that they allow all students to become equal. It no longer _____ 6 _____who has the coolest style or who has the most expensive dress. Everybody’s attention is free to centre on the _____7 _____. What is more, school uniforms help students _____8 _____time getting ready in the morning. Without them,students may spend 20 minutes deciding what to wear and wondering about suitable clothes for PE class. _____9 _____, uniformed students can be out the door as soon as they have eaten breakfast and _____10 _____their schoolbooks. Lastly, uniforms have the upper hand because they are not as costly as a dress, which changes with the seasons. Imagine the freedom of one suit for all the school year in comparison to one per day.
1. A. common B. pleasant C. mixed D. strong
2. A. compares B. connects C. matches D. wears
3. A. homework B. education C. interest D. behaviour
4. A. jeans B. jackets C. coats D. uniforms
5. A. values B. advantages C. problems D. costs
6. A. lasts B. changes C. suffers D. matters
7. A. lessons B. purposes C. lines D. terms
8. A. waste B. take C. save D. share
9. A. Sometimes B. However C. Then D. Afterwards
10. A. packed B. described C. held D. returned
(四)
Why do we clap? To show we like something, of course. But we don’t _____1 _____ at the end of a television programme or a book, however good they are. We clap at the end of a _____2 _____ performance, such as a play, or a concert, to say thank you to the performers. First they _____3 ______, and then we give.
The _____4 _____of clapping has early beginnings. In classical Athens, hand clapping _____ meant opinions and taking part. Plays were often in competition with each other, and continued clapping helped a play to _____5. The theatre was large—it could hold 14,000 people, half the adult male population of the city, which meant that the audience could make a lot of noise.
Clapping was a _____6 _____of being part of the group, and of being equal between actors and audience. The important thing was to make the noise together, to _____7 _____one’s own small hand clap to others. Clapping is _____ 8 _____, like laughter: you don’t very often clap or laugh out loud alone. It’s like _____9 _____ in another way, too: it is catching, and _____10 _____very quickly. Clapping at concerts and theatres is a worldwide habit. But some events in which people clap change from one country to another. For example, in Britain people clap at a wedding, but in Italy they sometimes clap when a dead person rests forever.
1. A. shout B. clap C. laugh D. jump
2. A. live B. enjoyable C. helpful D. meaningful
3. A. talk B. sing C. dance D. give
4. A. action B. example C. habit D. spirit
5. A. lose B. close C. open D. win
6. A. sign B. notice C. reply D. tale
7. A. break B. follow C. turn D. add
8. A. peaceful B. noisy C. social D. usual
9. A. feeling B. laughter C. luck D. news
10. A. spreads B. turns C. reduces D. walks
参考答案:
(一)1-5B C A B D6-10A D B C C
(二)1-5B C A D B6-10B D A B D 11-15B D B A B
(三)1-5C A B D B6-10D A C B A
(四)1-5B A D C D6-10A D C B A