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转眼又到开学季，同学们当然知道这意味着什么。尽管可以收到一大堆新衣服、电子产品和学习用品，但大家又开始抱怨接受正规教育的重担。
假如家长的一番“在我那个年代”的演说仍然无法叫大家正视上学这件事，那么，不如看看，如果咱们早出生几千年，要面临的开学季又是什么模样的。
Before we get rolling， it’s important to mention that in just about all of the following ancient societies， formal education was typically the privilege of wealthy families.
Most children received no instruction outside of the home， if there was any time for education given[考虑到] the hours spent performing menial[奴仆的] labor. Not to mention all the children in these ancient societies that were born or taken into slavery. Also， if you were born a girl， you pretty much had no hope of formal[正式的] schooling， wealthy family or otherwise.
So while most ancient children didn’t need to have any kind of formal instruction[教育，指导]， a lifetime of hard labor， assuming[假定] they even lived past adolescence[青春期]， wasn’t much of a relief[（痛苦等的）减轻].
在开始列举之前，我们必须提到一点：在下面提到的各个古代社会里，正规教育通常都是富家子弟的特权。
以前，小孩子要花很多时间干活，之后如果还有时间学习的话，大多数人也只是在家里接受教育。至于古代社会里生来就为奴或者被掠为奴的孩子，他们的景况就更不用说了。另外，如果你是女孩，无论你是否出生于富裕的家庭，你基本上便没有接受正规学校教育的希望。
所以，虽然古时候大多数孩子不是非上学不可，但干一辈子苦力——假使他们能活到长大成人的年纪——也比上学好不了多少。
In Sparta， a child’s education didn’t begin until age seven， so Spartan parents never had to endure that tearful moment where they send their child off to kindergarten for the first time. Once a boy hit that age， however， his education became the duty of the state， which would basically force the child into a lifetime of military[军事的] service.
Education focused not on the liberal arts[文科] and sciences like today’s pupils. Instead， Spartan boys endured a program， called the agoge， that included reading， writing and music， but focused primarily[主要地] on physical training. Boys were also taught to survive. For example， their training program didn’t provide them with enough to eat， encouraging them to be resourceful[足智多谋的] and steal for the food they needed. As a teenager， the young man would then join the army. It wasn’t until age 30 that he was a full citizen[公民] of Sparta.
Spartan girls， on the other hand， didn’t receive any formal education. However， women in Sparta did enjoy more freedoms than those in other Greek city states. They were expected to be educated enough to manage the family estate[不动产]， and were often taught how to read and write and how to control their holdings. Women also received physical training as well.
斯巴达儿童的教育七岁才开始，所以斯巴达的父母从来不必忍受第一次送孩子去上幼儿园的那个挥泪时刻。然而，男孩一到那个年龄，其教育便成了国家的一项职责，实际上是强迫他一生服役于军队。 斯巴达人的教育不像今天的学生那样着重于文理各科的学习。斯巴达男孩必须上一种叫做“阿勾吉”（agoge）的课程，其中包括阅读、写作和音乐，但主要课程集中于体能训练。男孩子们还要学会如何生存。例如，他们的训练课程中没有提供足够的食物，这是为了鼓励他们发挥自己的聪明才智，偷取所需食品。然后，这些少年便会入伍服役，直到30岁才正式成为斯巴达公民。
另一方面，斯巴达的女孩子们不会接受任何正规教育。不过，斯巴达女性确实比其他希腊城邦的女人享有更多自由。斯巴达人本就期待女人接受足够的教育，以便管理家产。她们往往要学习如何读书写字和如何管理财产。另外，女性也要接受体能训练。
If Sparta offered the ancient version of a tough military academy[学院]， Athens， Sparta’s political rival[对手]， is more like a challenging liberal arts school. Sparta wanted to produce soldiers； Athens looked to educate thinkers.
From an early age， Athenian children were taught to read and write. Starting at around age seven， about the time a Spartan boy would begin his military training， Athenians would begin attending private schools， which were cheap enough for even poor Athenians to afford. Boys were taught music， poetry， philosophy[哲学]， mathematics[数学] and more. At around age 14， they even had the chance to attend secondary school[中学].
Physical education was also seen as a necessity[必要性] to produce well-rounded[全面的] citizens， and to ensure that Athens was never at a disadvantage in war times. The focus was placed on intellect[智力]， however.
Like Sparta， only boys received any kind of formal education. Girls were taught at home， if they received any academic instruction at all.
In ancient Egypt， education was held in high regard[受推崇]， though there wasn’t much need for guidance counselors[咨询顾问] or career fairs[招聘会] as there weren’t many choices for children after they finished their often informal schooling.
如果说斯巴达相当于古代的一所严酷军校，那么斯巴达的政治对手——雅典则更像一间有挑战性的文科学校。斯巴达想制造士兵，雅典则期望教育出思想家。
雅典的孩子们从小就要学习读书写字。从7岁左右开始，斯巴达的男孩就要开始接受军事训练，而雅典的男孩则会入读私立学校，学费低廉，即使是贫困人家也负担得起。男孩子要学习音乐、诗歌、哲学和数学等等。到了14岁左右，他们甚至还有机会继续升读中学。
体育也被雅典人视为教育的必要部分，目的是为了培养全面发展的公民，也是为了确保雅典在战争时期不至处于劣势。不过他们的教育仍以智识为重。
雅典与斯巴达一样，只有男孩才能接受正规教育。女孩如果接受学业教育的话，也只是在自己家里进行。
古埃及人十分重视教育，虽然不是很有必要设立辅导员或者举行招聘会——因为孩子们通常在完成非正式的教育之后并没有多少选择。
Boys usually received vocational[职业的] training from their fathers， assuming the same occupation as they transition[转变] from menial tasks to fullfledged[有充分资格的] laborers. Girls were educated by their mothers in household[家庭的] tasks， such as cooking， sewing and brewing. In other words， boys typically[典型地] followed in the footsteps of their fathers， and girls followed the paths of their mothers.
Children from wealthy families could go to schools to study to be scribes[文牍]， eventually moving on to government work or serving as a temple priest[牧师]. Coursework for these privileged few included subjects like history， mathematics， music， science and more.
Education in India during the Vedic period（1750-500 BCE） focused not just on intellectual stimulation[激发] or physical achievement， but also on spiritual development. By studying the Vedas and other Hindu[印度教的] scriptures[经文]， students would learn how to read and write， as well as learn about logic， poetry and more. The focus of their education was on personal growth and the development of character.
While education was intended to be free， the caste system eventually[最后] made it difficult for children of the lower castes to receive any kind of higher learning.
男孩一般跟着父亲接受某种职业培训，从打下手到独当一面的工匠，最终子承父业。女孩则跟着母亲学习家务，比如做饭、缝纫和酿酒等等。也就是说，男孩子通常会跟随父亲的脚步，女孩子也会走母亲的老路。
富裕家庭的孩子可以到学校读书，成为文士，最终进入政府工作，或是成为寺庙的祭司。学校为这些少数享有特权的学生提供的课程包括历史、数学、音乐、科学等等。
印度吠陀时代（公元前1750—500年）的教育不仅注重激发智力和锻炼身体，同时也注重培养灵性。学生通过学习吠陀经和其他印度教经文来学习读书写字以及逻辑、诗歌等等。其教育侧重于个人成长以及性格培养。
尽管教育本应该免费，但印度的种姓制度最终使得低种姓阶级的孩子难以接受任何形式的高等教育。
假如家长的一番“在我那个年代”的演说仍然无法叫大家正视上学这件事，那么，不如看看，如果咱们早出生几千年，要面临的开学季又是什么模样的。
Before we get rolling， it’s important to mention that in just about all of the following ancient societies， formal education was typically the privilege of wealthy families.
Most children received no instruction outside of the home， if there was any time for education given[考虑到] the hours spent performing menial[奴仆的] labor. Not to mention all the children in these ancient societies that were born or taken into slavery. Also， if you were born a girl， you pretty much had no hope of formal[正式的] schooling， wealthy family or otherwise.
So while most ancient children didn’t need to have any kind of formal instruction[教育，指导]， a lifetime of hard labor， assuming[假定] they even lived past adolescence[青春期]， wasn’t much of a relief[（痛苦等的）减轻].
在开始列举之前，我们必须提到一点：在下面提到的各个古代社会里，正规教育通常都是富家子弟的特权。
以前，小孩子要花很多时间干活，之后如果还有时间学习的话，大多数人也只是在家里接受教育。至于古代社会里生来就为奴或者被掠为奴的孩子，他们的景况就更不用说了。另外，如果你是女孩，无论你是否出生于富裕的家庭，你基本上便没有接受正规学校教育的希望。
所以，虽然古时候大多数孩子不是非上学不可，但干一辈子苦力——假使他们能活到长大成人的年纪——也比上学好不了多少。
In Sparta， a child’s education didn’t begin until age seven， so Spartan parents never had to endure that tearful moment where they send their child off to kindergarten for the first time. Once a boy hit that age， however， his education became the duty of the state， which would basically force the child into a lifetime of military[军事的] service.
Education focused not on the liberal arts[文科] and sciences like today’s pupils. Instead， Spartan boys endured a program， called the agoge， that included reading， writing and music， but focused primarily[主要地] on physical training. Boys were also taught to survive. For example， their training program didn’t provide them with enough to eat， encouraging them to be resourceful[足智多谋的] and steal for the food they needed. As a teenager， the young man would then join the army. It wasn’t until age 30 that he was a full citizen[公民] of Sparta.
Spartan girls， on the other hand， didn’t receive any formal education. However， women in Sparta did enjoy more freedoms than those in other Greek city states. They were expected to be educated enough to manage the family estate[不动产]， and were often taught how to read and write and how to control their holdings. Women also received physical training as well.
斯巴达儿童的教育七岁才开始，所以斯巴达的父母从来不必忍受第一次送孩子去上幼儿园的那个挥泪时刻。然而，男孩一到那个年龄，其教育便成了国家的一项职责，实际上是强迫他一生服役于军队。 斯巴达人的教育不像今天的学生那样着重于文理各科的学习。斯巴达男孩必须上一种叫做“阿勾吉”（agoge）的课程，其中包括阅读、写作和音乐，但主要课程集中于体能训练。男孩子们还要学会如何生存。例如，他们的训练课程中没有提供足够的食物，这是为了鼓励他们发挥自己的聪明才智，偷取所需食品。然后，这些少年便会入伍服役，直到30岁才正式成为斯巴达公民。
另一方面，斯巴达的女孩子们不会接受任何正规教育。不过，斯巴达女性确实比其他希腊城邦的女人享有更多自由。斯巴达人本就期待女人接受足够的教育，以便管理家产。她们往往要学习如何读书写字和如何管理财产。另外，女性也要接受体能训练。
If Sparta offered the ancient version of a tough military academy[学院]， Athens， Sparta’s political rival[对手]， is more like a challenging liberal arts school. Sparta wanted to produce soldiers； Athens looked to educate thinkers.
From an early age， Athenian children were taught to read and write. Starting at around age seven， about the time a Spartan boy would begin his military training， Athenians would begin attending private schools， which were cheap enough for even poor Athenians to afford. Boys were taught music， poetry， philosophy[哲学]， mathematics[数学] and more. At around age 14， they even had the chance to attend secondary school[中学].
Physical education was also seen as a necessity[必要性] to produce well-rounded[全面的] citizens， and to ensure that Athens was never at a disadvantage in war times. The focus was placed on intellect[智力]， however.
Like Sparta， only boys received any kind of formal education. Girls were taught at home， if they received any academic instruction at all.
In ancient Egypt， education was held in high regard[受推崇]， though there wasn’t much need for guidance counselors[咨询顾问] or career fairs[招聘会] as there weren’t many choices for children after they finished their often informal schooling.
如果说斯巴达相当于古代的一所严酷军校，那么斯巴达的政治对手——雅典则更像一间有挑战性的文科学校。斯巴达想制造士兵，雅典则期望教育出思想家。
雅典的孩子们从小就要学习读书写字。从7岁左右开始，斯巴达的男孩就要开始接受军事训练，而雅典的男孩则会入读私立学校，学费低廉，即使是贫困人家也负担得起。男孩子要学习音乐、诗歌、哲学和数学等等。到了14岁左右，他们甚至还有机会继续升读中学。
体育也被雅典人视为教育的必要部分，目的是为了培养全面发展的公民，也是为了确保雅典在战争时期不至处于劣势。不过他们的教育仍以智识为重。
雅典与斯巴达一样，只有男孩才能接受正规教育。女孩如果接受学业教育的话，也只是在自己家里进行。
古埃及人十分重视教育，虽然不是很有必要设立辅导员或者举行招聘会——因为孩子们通常在完成非正式的教育之后并没有多少选择。
Boys usually received vocational[职业的] training from their fathers， assuming the same occupation as they transition[转变] from menial tasks to fullfledged[有充分资格的] laborers. Girls were educated by their mothers in household[家庭的] tasks， such as cooking， sewing and brewing. In other words， boys typically[典型地] followed in the footsteps of their fathers， and girls followed the paths of their mothers.
Children from wealthy families could go to schools to study to be scribes[文牍]， eventually moving on to government work or serving as a temple priest[牧师]. Coursework for these privileged few included subjects like history， mathematics， music， science and more.
Education in India during the Vedic period（1750-500 BCE） focused not just on intellectual stimulation[激发] or physical achievement， but also on spiritual development. By studying the Vedas and other Hindu[印度教的] scriptures[经文]， students would learn how to read and write， as well as learn about logic， poetry and more. The focus of their education was on personal growth and the development of character.
While education was intended to be free， the caste system eventually[最后] made it difficult for children of the lower castes to receive any kind of higher learning.
男孩一般跟着父亲接受某种职业培训，从打下手到独当一面的工匠，最终子承父业。女孩则跟着母亲学习家务，比如做饭、缝纫和酿酒等等。也就是说，男孩子通常会跟随父亲的脚步，女孩子也会走母亲的老路。
富裕家庭的孩子可以到学校读书，成为文士，最终进入政府工作，或是成为寺庙的祭司。学校为这些少数享有特权的学生提供的课程包括历史、数学、音乐、科学等等。
印度吠陀时代（公元前1750—500年）的教育不仅注重激发智力和锻炼身体，同时也注重培养灵性。学生通过学习吠陀经和其他印度教经文来学习读书写字以及逻辑、诗歌等等。其教育侧重于个人成长以及性格培养。
尽管教育本应该免费，但印度的种姓制度最终使得低种姓阶级的孩子难以接受任何形式的高等教育。