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【中图分类号】G642.07 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2013)25-00-02
英语中副词使用频繁,十分活跃,在句中的位置也较灵活,有时位于句首,有时位于动词前面,有时位于动词后面,有时位于词语中间,其前后有时用逗号,有时则不用逗号。但关键在于要正确分析它和全名或句中其他词语之间的修饰关系,从而正确理解它在句中的含义。
一、位于句首的副词
在现代英语中,以副词开头引出全句的情况日益增多。除常见的fortunately,unfortunately,naturally,usually,generally,incidentally等以外,出现了许多其他过去一般不作此用的副词。
例如:
1. Practically,we have solved all these problems.事实上,我们已把这些问题全部解决了。
2. Interestingly,he never knew that he was the victim of hid own joke,有趣的是,他从来不知道他是自作自受。
3. Ironically,it is always he who plays with fire gets burned in the end.富有讽刺意味的是,玩火者必自焚。
4. Surprisingly,he always comes up smiling when everyone thought go was done for . 使人惊奇的是,正当大家以为他完蛋了的时候,他却总是笑嘻嘻地出现在人们面前。
5. Normally it is safe to work on faulty signaling systems without shutting off the main power .一般来说.在不切断电源的情况下.去修理出了故障的信号装置是没有危险的.
以上各句中居首的副词不是修饰句中个别的词,而是修饰整个句子,如用英语解释,相当于It is practical that...;It is interesting that ...;It is normal that...;It is surprising that...;It is normal that...;等.原文中的practically,interestingly,ironically,surprisingly,normally等副词在译成汉语时同样可以放在句首.但有时根据汉语的需要,居首的英语副词在汉译时却要放在句末,见下面五个例子;
6. Certainly,the time has come when man can travel in the outer space,人们能到宇宙空间旅行的时代已来临了,这是肯定的
7. Hopefully,the tow sides way come to an agreement on this point,双方在这一达成协议是有希望的
8. Really a hundred and one mechanical devices waste a great deal of energy in overcoming friction,许多许多机械装置在克服过程中浪费大量能量,这是事实.
9. Invariably the background was the same;dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable.这些偏僻的地方都是千篇一律的;总是那么肮脏,贫穷,使人感到非常不舒服.
10. Optimistically,a solution might be worked ort to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned.也许能获得有关各方都满意的解决办法,这是大可乐观的。
二、位于动词前面的副词
位于谓语动词前面的副词的修饰关系与有两种情况;一种是修饰谓语动词,汉译时并不一定要抽出来另作处理,只要符合汉语表达习惯,仍可放在动词前面.例如:
1. Now the uncharacteristically,began growling menacingly at them.现在这几头小狮子不愿走近夏曼了,因为夏曼一反常态.开始对这些小狮子虎视眈眈地咆哮不已.
另一种情况是修饰整句,汉译时,通常要抽出来另作处理.如:
2. They (the complaints)naturally and predictably inflames feelings within this Council and in that hapless island,它们(指控)在安理会内,在这个不幸的岛国,煽动情绪,这是不足为怪的,也是可以预料的
3. The statement of the Algerian Delegation justifiably urged the members
4. of Security Council to give serious consideration to the situation ,阿尔及利亚代表团的发言,敦促安理会各理事国对此结局势予以以郑重考虑这是有理由的。
5. International public opinion had now diverted its attention from that area and rightly,placed the Middle East in the centre of spotlight said the new President,新总统说.国际舆论现在已把注意力从那个地区转移开而把中东置于公众注意的中心,这样做是正确的。 三、位于动词后面的副词
一般来说,位于谓语动词后面的副词不修饰全句,而是修饰动词,例如:
1. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.传统至高无上,而且变动很不频繁且缓慢。
2. The proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as as 100 children.只要 用 100 个 孩子 为 样本,他就可以 相当精确地得出这些孩子占整个学区的比例了。
但是,如果副词前面出现不止一个动词,则副词与动词的修饰关系就容易混淆切忌公从副词和动词的位置远近来判断,应根据上下文和全句的意义来确定它终究修饰哪个动词,例如:
1. The modern computer can even type letters you dictate to it accurately and that in any language you choose.现代化计算机甚至还能准确地打出你口述的信件,而且用 你 选择任何 一种语言打出 。(根据 上下 文判断 :accurately不是修饰它前面贴近的 dictate,而是修饰它前面 较远的can type.)
2. As is so often pointed out , knowledge is a weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. 正像人们经常指出的那样知识是一种具有两面性的武器,既可以用来造福于人类,也可以给人类带来危害。(equally 修饰can be used ,在词性上转译成等立连词‘既...也...’)
3. Holiday hotels tend to cater for one nationality of visitors especially, sometimes exclusively. 假日旅社往往主张专门为某一国家的旅客服务,有时候它们不接待其他国家的游客。
四、位于词语中间的副词
位于复合谓语中间或词语中间的副词,乍看之下,在翻译时似乎不易处理,因为在汉语中这样的搭配关系用得较少,例如:
1. The cruel murder of the patriots by the south African white regime has understandably aroused worldwide indignation. 南非白人政权残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤,这是可以理解的。
2. The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.从前,人们对迦里略的看法并不复杂,这是令人欣慰之事。
3. Applied mathematicians have been grappling successfully with the world’s problems at a time , curiously enough ,when pure mathematicians seem to have lost touch with the real world .说也奇怪,当理论数学家看来几乎已经跟现实世界完全脱离接触的时候,应用数学家却一直在成功的解决着现实世界中的问题。
上述1—3例句中斜体的副词在汉译时常是我国学生感到棘手,但是如果把句子先用英语解释为下列的意思,就能扫除翻译上的障碍。
(1)The cruel murder… has aroused worldwide
(2)The old view of Galileo was uncomplicated. This is delightful
(3)Applied mathematicians…,when pure mathematicians…This is curious.
当然,在英语复合谓语中间的副词,译成时并不一定要抽出或另起一句,只要符合汉语的文字顺从的表达习惯,扔可放在词语或句子中间。例如:
4. They had labored for three years to produce this floating work of art ;she has more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship他们辛勤地干了三年,才制造出这个水上珍品,其雕刻之华美,装饰之浓艳,胜过了以往的任何一艘船。
5. Now for the first time, man can reasonably begin to think that life can be sometime more than a grim struggle for survival.当前,人们可以合乎情理地认为,生活并不只是意味着为了生存而进行残酷的斗争。
6. We can only detect the presence of an electric current by the effects produced.我们只有通过电流产生的效应,才能发现它的存在。(Only这个副词有个特点:它通常置于句子中间,但是有时并不修饰贴近的动词。原句中 only 虽位于动词detect,它修饰介词 by the effects.)
7. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.科学家总是要核对论述,而且要细心而客观地 做实验来加以验证。(位于句中的carefully and objectively 修饰make.)
8. We shall study the behavior of AC circuits containing inductance ,capacitance and resistance separately and in combination .我们将分别研究包含电感、电容、电阻的交流电路特性,并对此加以研究。(位于句中的separately修饰shall study.)
五、由带着感情色彩的形容词+ly构成的副词
在现代英语中,一些具有感情色彩的形容词,加上后缀-ly用作表示程度的副词应用得越来越广泛。例如:
1. His lecture was unbearably long.他的演讲长的使人受不老了。
2. His reaction was electrifyingly quick. 它反应迅速,就像触电似地块。(或译:他反应像触电似般地迅速。)
3. Winter this year is surprisingly old. 年的冬天冷的出奇。(或译:今年的冬天出奇的冷)
4. His answer was disappointingly brief.(他的回答简略的令人失望)
5. Jimmy was terrifyingly aware of the imminent danger .吉美意识到迫在眉睫的危险,不由得大惊失色。
6. He was uncharacteristically quiet at yesterday’s discussion. 他在昨天的讨论会上沉默的一反常态。(或译:他在昨天的讨论会上异乎寻常的沉默)
7. Only thirty - eight years old, he was dismayingly vigorous to the older board members.他年仅三十八岁,精力旺盛这使老一辈的董事先生们感到后生可畏。
上述句中斜体的英语副词,汉译时,一般不能按照英语习惯放在被其修饰的形容词的前面,而应该根据汉语的表达习惯作灵活处理。
英语中副词使用频繁,十分活跃,在句中的位置也较灵活,有时位于句首,有时位于动词前面,有时位于动词后面,有时位于词语中间,其前后有时用逗号,有时则不用逗号。但关键在于要正确分析它和全名或句中其他词语之间的修饰关系,从而正确理解它在句中的含义。
一、位于句首的副词
在现代英语中,以副词开头引出全句的情况日益增多。除常见的fortunately,unfortunately,naturally,usually,generally,incidentally等以外,出现了许多其他过去一般不作此用的副词。
例如:
1. Practically,we have solved all these problems.事实上,我们已把这些问题全部解决了。
2. Interestingly,he never knew that he was the victim of hid own joke,有趣的是,他从来不知道他是自作自受。
3. Ironically,it is always he who plays with fire gets burned in the end.富有讽刺意味的是,玩火者必自焚。
4. Surprisingly,he always comes up smiling when everyone thought go was done for . 使人惊奇的是,正当大家以为他完蛋了的时候,他却总是笑嘻嘻地出现在人们面前。
5. Normally it is safe to work on faulty signaling systems without shutting off the main power .一般来说.在不切断电源的情况下.去修理出了故障的信号装置是没有危险的.
以上各句中居首的副词不是修饰句中个别的词,而是修饰整个句子,如用英语解释,相当于It is practical that...;It is interesting that ...;It is normal that...;It is surprising that...;It is normal that...;等.原文中的practically,interestingly,ironically,surprisingly,normally等副词在译成汉语时同样可以放在句首.但有时根据汉语的需要,居首的英语副词在汉译时却要放在句末,见下面五个例子;
6. Certainly,the time has come when man can travel in the outer space,人们能到宇宙空间旅行的时代已来临了,这是肯定的
7. Hopefully,the tow sides way come to an agreement on this point,双方在这一达成协议是有希望的
8. Really a hundred and one mechanical devices waste a great deal of energy in overcoming friction,许多许多机械装置在克服过程中浪费大量能量,这是事实.
9. Invariably the background was the same;dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable.这些偏僻的地方都是千篇一律的;总是那么肮脏,贫穷,使人感到非常不舒服.
10. Optimistically,a solution might be worked ort to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned.也许能获得有关各方都满意的解决办法,这是大可乐观的。
二、位于动词前面的副词
位于谓语动词前面的副词的修饰关系与有两种情况;一种是修饰谓语动词,汉译时并不一定要抽出来另作处理,只要符合汉语表达习惯,仍可放在动词前面.例如:
1. Now the uncharacteristically,began growling menacingly at them.现在这几头小狮子不愿走近夏曼了,因为夏曼一反常态.开始对这些小狮子虎视眈眈地咆哮不已.
另一种情况是修饰整句,汉译时,通常要抽出来另作处理.如:
2. They (the complaints)naturally and predictably inflames feelings within this Council and in that hapless island,它们(指控)在安理会内,在这个不幸的岛国,煽动情绪,这是不足为怪的,也是可以预料的
3. The statement of the Algerian Delegation justifiably urged the members
4. of Security Council to give serious consideration to the situation ,阿尔及利亚代表团的发言,敦促安理会各理事国对此结局势予以以郑重考虑这是有理由的。
5. International public opinion had now diverted its attention from that area and rightly,placed the Middle East in the centre of spotlight said the new President,新总统说.国际舆论现在已把注意力从那个地区转移开而把中东置于公众注意的中心,这样做是正确的。 三、位于动词后面的副词
一般来说,位于谓语动词后面的副词不修饰全句,而是修饰动词,例如:
1. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.传统至高无上,而且变动很不频繁且缓慢。
2. The proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as as 100 children.只要 用 100 个 孩子 为 样本,他就可以 相当精确地得出这些孩子占整个学区的比例了。
但是,如果副词前面出现不止一个动词,则副词与动词的修饰关系就容易混淆切忌公从副词和动词的位置远近来判断,应根据上下文和全句的意义来确定它终究修饰哪个动词,例如:
1. The modern computer can even type letters you dictate to it accurately and that in any language you choose.现代化计算机甚至还能准确地打出你口述的信件,而且用 你 选择任何 一种语言打出 。(根据 上下 文判断 :accurately不是修饰它前面贴近的 dictate,而是修饰它前面 较远的can type.)
2. As is so often pointed out , knowledge is a weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. 正像人们经常指出的那样知识是一种具有两面性的武器,既可以用来造福于人类,也可以给人类带来危害。(equally 修饰can be used ,在词性上转译成等立连词‘既...也...’)
3. Holiday hotels tend to cater for one nationality of visitors especially, sometimes exclusively. 假日旅社往往主张专门为某一国家的旅客服务,有时候它们不接待其他国家的游客。
四、位于词语中间的副词
位于复合谓语中间或词语中间的副词,乍看之下,在翻译时似乎不易处理,因为在汉语中这样的搭配关系用得较少,例如:
1. The cruel murder of the patriots by the south African white regime has understandably aroused worldwide indignation. 南非白人政权残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤,这是可以理解的。
2. The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.从前,人们对迦里略的看法并不复杂,这是令人欣慰之事。
3. Applied mathematicians have been grappling successfully with the world’s problems at a time , curiously enough ,when pure mathematicians seem to have lost touch with the real world .说也奇怪,当理论数学家看来几乎已经跟现实世界完全脱离接触的时候,应用数学家却一直在成功的解决着现实世界中的问题。
上述1—3例句中斜体的副词在汉译时常是我国学生感到棘手,但是如果把句子先用英语解释为下列的意思,就能扫除翻译上的障碍。
(1)The cruel murder… has aroused worldwide
(2)The old view of Galileo was uncomplicated. This is delightful
(3)Applied mathematicians…,when pure mathematicians…This is curious.
当然,在英语复合谓语中间的副词,译成时并不一定要抽出或另起一句,只要符合汉语的文字顺从的表达习惯,扔可放在词语或句子中间。例如:
4. They had labored for three years to produce this floating work of art ;she has more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship他们辛勤地干了三年,才制造出这个水上珍品,其雕刻之华美,装饰之浓艳,胜过了以往的任何一艘船。
5. Now for the first time, man can reasonably begin to think that life can be sometime more than a grim struggle for survival.当前,人们可以合乎情理地认为,生活并不只是意味着为了生存而进行残酷的斗争。
6. We can only detect the presence of an electric current by the effects produced.我们只有通过电流产生的效应,才能发现它的存在。(Only这个副词有个特点:它通常置于句子中间,但是有时并不修饰贴近的动词。原句中 only 虽位于动词detect,它修饰介词 by the effects.)
7. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.科学家总是要核对论述,而且要细心而客观地 做实验来加以验证。(位于句中的carefully and objectively 修饰make.)
8. We shall study the behavior of AC circuits containing inductance ,capacitance and resistance separately and in combination .我们将分别研究包含电感、电容、电阻的交流电路特性,并对此加以研究。(位于句中的separately修饰shall study.)
五、由带着感情色彩的形容词+ly构成的副词
在现代英语中,一些具有感情色彩的形容词,加上后缀-ly用作表示程度的副词应用得越来越广泛。例如:
1. His lecture was unbearably long.他的演讲长的使人受不老了。
2. His reaction was electrifyingly quick. 它反应迅速,就像触电似地块。(或译:他反应像触电似般地迅速。)
3. Winter this year is surprisingly old. 年的冬天冷的出奇。(或译:今年的冬天出奇的冷)
4. His answer was disappointingly brief.(他的回答简略的令人失望)
5. Jimmy was terrifyingly aware of the imminent danger .吉美意识到迫在眉睫的危险,不由得大惊失色。
6. He was uncharacteristically quiet at yesterday’s discussion. 他在昨天的讨论会上沉默的一反常态。(或译:他在昨天的讨论会上异乎寻常的沉默)
7. Only thirty - eight years old, he was dismayingly vigorous to the older board members.他年仅三十八岁,精力旺盛这使老一辈的董事先生们感到后生可畏。
上述句中斜体的英语副词,汉译时,一般不能按照英语习惯放在被其修饰的形容词的前面,而应该根据汉语的表达习惯作灵活处理。