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Abstract
Are Chinese female more easily blamed than male because of transgressions？ To find the answer of this question， we designed an experiment. The hypothesis was：women are more constrained by social norms than men in China. Chinese have clear expectations to how people should act， and norms apply to women. However， perhaps these expectations might be mitigated when Chinese go abroad and exposed to more culturally looser countries. Moreover， these effects might increase with the longer exposure. In this experiment， we compare people’s attitudes to identical men and women behavior. We mainly hypothesis that （1） There is Greater exception of conformity for women and strevter judgement against women in China. （a） Students study in a culturally looser country have less gender bias toward women. （b） Longer time abroad （in a culturally looser country） mitigate gender bias toward women. （2） Chinese language promotes the formation of expectations to women’s behaviors.
Introduction
Nowadays feminism becomes increasingly popular. Although the public always emphasis the importance of equal rights through taking the advantage of feminism， in countries all around the world， the opinion that women are inferior to men still roots people’s mind， this gender bias is a serious problem in these countries， especially in China， a culturally tight country. Some Chinese impose much stricter constraint on women than men. In some foreign countres， for example， America females are freer than Chinese females. Does the culture differences cause the distinction of attitudes toward female？ Do women have gender discrimination to themselves？ Can gender bias be mitigated though exposed to a looser culture？ This survey is going to figure out these questions.
Literature Review
“Does Language Shape Thought？ Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time” by Lera Boroditsky talks about various languages may decide people’s thoughts. Language is also very significant in this study. Language is the system of communication in speaking and writing that is used by people of a particular country or area. Borodisky concludes that（1） Language is a powerful tool in shaping thought about abstract domains and （2） one’s native language plays an important role in shaping habitual thought but does not entirely determine one’s thinking in the strong Whorfian sense. The first conclusion promote one of the hypothesis that Chinese language make people expecting women’s behaviors. In Boroditsky’s study， Chinese are more likely to think time in a vertical way instead of a horizontal way， because Mandarin tends to describe time in a vertical way. Likely， in Chinese language， there are tons of phrases that instruct women’s behavior， for instance， san cong si de， xian qi liang mu and jia ji Sui ji. So Chinese language may be a factor that leads expectation of women’s behaviors. This study is going to confirm and develop Boroditsky’s conclusion further. In this study， we are going to see whether different language can affect people’s expectation toward women. “Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures： A 33-Nation Study.” By Michele J. Gelfand. This paper talks about the level of tightness in 33 countries. Tightness is related to social norm. If people in a country are expected to do something proper， the country is culturally tight. Norm is a situation or a pattern of behavior that is usual or expected. China’s tightness score is 7.9 which is relatively high compare to other countries like the United States with a tightness score of 5.1. This shows that in China， People are more likely to be imposed on expectation and constrains. “Nations that have encountered ecological and historical threatening have much stronger norms and lower tolerance of deviant behavior. Tight nations have higher populations density in the year 1500 in the year 2000 in the nation. （Michele Gelfand， 2011）” These two conditions really fit in China’s situation. Anti Japanese War broke out in China， and this war hurt China society and Chinese a lot.
Hypothesis
（1） Females and males may have different judgement on transgressions.
（2） There is Greater exception of conformity for women and hasher judgement against women in China.
（a） Students study in a culturally looser country has less gender bias toward women.
（b） Longer time abroad （in a culturally looser country） mitigate gender bias toward women.
（3） Chinese and English language affects people’s thoughts about transgression.
（4） Children’s parents’ occupation affect Children’s attitude toward different transgression.
（5） Chinese and American hold different strong behavior constraints in certain situations.
Method
Design：
Students are asked about their parents’ occupation. Through this， we are able to judge whether family background will influence a child’s attitudes toward female transgressors. Students are asked about gender and education background. So， we can get to know whether gender and foreign culture have influence on students’ gender bias toward women.
Conclusion
Result：
In this study， we found that：
（1） Gender difference has a little influence on people’s judgment on transgression. It’s true that female may face more judgment when they transgress， but the distinction is not so significant， but there are still some interesting findings： females tend to have more judgment on a person who cheat on an exam more than males do. （p < 0.015）.
（2） Language shapes people’s thoughts. When people answer Chinese version survey， they are harsher to people who are aggressive and argumentative. However， people who answer English version survey tend to be loose to argumentative people （p < 0.019）. （3） A child whose father has full-time job prone to have more judgment on “loudspeakers” in public places （P < 0.05）. However， a child whose mother has full-time job is looser to people who speak loudly in the public （P < 0.038）. This is probably because to be successful in workplaces， males and females choose different ways to improve their power， and try to make themselves potent. Men opt to make use of their physical advantageous， such as strong body and height. However， shorter and weaker females lack physical advantageous， so they have no choice but to increase the volume and make they look powerful and strong.
Implication：
1. Reflect the problem of gender bias exists in China’s Society， although it is not very obvious. Also， gender bias is a cross culture problem.
2. It will help women in China identify their status clearly， and encourage them to fight for a more equal society.
3. This study implies Chinese that the behavior constraints exist in all cultures. Some constraints are especially strong in certain situation in some culture.
Follow up Study：
For future research， people can focus on the characteristics of culture that are especially tight to women. Also， through studying those characteristics， solutions and methods can be found to solve gender discrimination. Moreover， maybe young generations have opener and more tolerant thoughts. On the contrary， elders may be harsher to female transgressors because the opinion that women are inferior to men roots in their mind deeply. This topic is also worthy to study.
錢佳源
年龄：17
城市：南京
年级：12
目标专业：待定（理科方向）
这是我第二次参与课题论文的研究，也是第一次作为独立研究人发表论文。这个主题在我看来还是蛮有意思的。作为一个女生，我持续关注女性在社会中的的地位。令人高兴的是，我假设女性受到更多的行为限制和批判的眼光，但事实并不是如此。即使我一开始的假设不成立，我依然发现了一些很有意思的东西。比如女性对于作弊比男性更无法容忍，母亲是全职工作者的孩子对于在公共场合大声打电话的人有着更高的容忍度。这些发现都令我十分惊喜。
Are Chinese female more easily blamed than male because of transgressions？ To find the answer of this question， we designed an experiment. The hypothesis was：women are more constrained by social norms than men in China. Chinese have clear expectations to how people should act， and norms apply to women. However， perhaps these expectations might be mitigated when Chinese go abroad and exposed to more culturally looser countries. Moreover， these effects might increase with the longer exposure. In this experiment， we compare people’s attitudes to identical men and women behavior. We mainly hypothesis that （1） There is Greater exception of conformity for women and strevter judgement against women in China. （a） Students study in a culturally looser country have less gender bias toward women. （b） Longer time abroad （in a culturally looser country） mitigate gender bias toward women. （2） Chinese language promotes the formation of expectations to women’s behaviors.
Introduction
Nowadays feminism becomes increasingly popular. Although the public always emphasis the importance of equal rights through taking the advantage of feminism， in countries all around the world， the opinion that women are inferior to men still roots people’s mind， this gender bias is a serious problem in these countries， especially in China， a culturally tight country. Some Chinese impose much stricter constraint on women than men. In some foreign countres， for example， America females are freer than Chinese females. Does the culture differences cause the distinction of attitudes toward female？ Do women have gender discrimination to themselves？ Can gender bias be mitigated though exposed to a looser culture？ This survey is going to figure out these questions.
Literature Review
“Does Language Shape Thought？ Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time” by Lera Boroditsky talks about various languages may decide people’s thoughts. Language is also very significant in this study. Language is the system of communication in speaking and writing that is used by people of a particular country or area. Borodisky concludes that（1） Language is a powerful tool in shaping thought about abstract domains and （2） one’s native language plays an important role in shaping habitual thought but does not entirely determine one’s thinking in the strong Whorfian sense. The first conclusion promote one of the hypothesis that Chinese language make people expecting women’s behaviors. In Boroditsky’s study， Chinese are more likely to think time in a vertical way instead of a horizontal way， because Mandarin tends to describe time in a vertical way. Likely， in Chinese language， there are tons of phrases that instruct women’s behavior， for instance， san cong si de， xian qi liang mu and jia ji Sui ji. So Chinese language may be a factor that leads expectation of women’s behaviors. This study is going to confirm and develop Boroditsky’s conclusion further. In this study， we are going to see whether different language can affect people’s expectation toward women. “Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures： A 33-Nation Study.” By Michele J. Gelfand. This paper talks about the level of tightness in 33 countries. Tightness is related to social norm. If people in a country are expected to do something proper， the country is culturally tight. Norm is a situation or a pattern of behavior that is usual or expected. China’s tightness score is 7.9 which is relatively high compare to other countries like the United States with a tightness score of 5.1. This shows that in China， People are more likely to be imposed on expectation and constrains. “Nations that have encountered ecological and historical threatening have much stronger norms and lower tolerance of deviant behavior. Tight nations have higher populations density in the year 1500 in the year 2000 in the nation. （Michele Gelfand， 2011）” These two conditions really fit in China’s situation. Anti Japanese War broke out in China， and this war hurt China society and Chinese a lot.
Hypothesis
（1） Females and males may have different judgement on transgressions.
（2） There is Greater exception of conformity for women and hasher judgement against women in China.
（a） Students study in a culturally looser country has less gender bias toward women.
（b） Longer time abroad （in a culturally looser country） mitigate gender bias toward women.
（3） Chinese and English language affects people’s thoughts about transgression.
（4） Children’s parents’ occupation affect Children’s attitude toward different transgression.
（5） Chinese and American hold different strong behavior constraints in certain situations.
Method
Design：
Students are asked about their parents’ occupation. Through this， we are able to judge whether family background will influence a child’s attitudes toward female transgressors. Students are asked about gender and education background. So， we can get to know whether gender and foreign culture have influence on students’ gender bias toward women.
Conclusion
Result：
In this study， we found that：
（1） Gender difference has a little influence on people’s judgment on transgression. It’s true that female may face more judgment when they transgress， but the distinction is not so significant， but there are still some interesting findings： females tend to have more judgment on a person who cheat on an exam more than males do. （p < 0.015）.
（2） Language shapes people’s thoughts. When people answer Chinese version survey， they are harsher to people who are aggressive and argumentative. However， people who answer English version survey tend to be loose to argumentative people （p < 0.019）. （3） A child whose father has full-time job prone to have more judgment on “loudspeakers” in public places （P < 0.05）. However， a child whose mother has full-time job is looser to people who speak loudly in the public （P < 0.038）. This is probably because to be successful in workplaces， males and females choose different ways to improve their power， and try to make themselves potent. Men opt to make use of their physical advantageous， such as strong body and height. However， shorter and weaker females lack physical advantageous， so they have no choice but to increase the volume and make they look powerful and strong.
Implication：
1. Reflect the problem of gender bias exists in China’s Society， although it is not very obvious. Also， gender bias is a cross culture problem.
2. It will help women in China identify their status clearly， and encourage them to fight for a more equal society.
3. This study implies Chinese that the behavior constraints exist in all cultures. Some constraints are especially strong in certain situation in some culture.
Follow up Study：
For future research， people can focus on the characteristics of culture that are especially tight to women. Also， through studying those characteristics， solutions and methods can be found to solve gender discrimination. Moreover， maybe young generations have opener and more tolerant thoughts. On the contrary， elders may be harsher to female transgressors because the opinion that women are inferior to men roots in their mind deeply. This topic is also worthy to study.
錢佳源
年龄：17
城市：南京
年级：12
目标专业：待定（理科方向）
这是我第二次参与课题论文的研究，也是第一次作为独立研究人发表论文。这个主题在我看来还是蛮有意思的。作为一个女生，我持续关注女性在社会中的的地位。令人高兴的是，我假设女性受到更多的行为限制和批判的眼光，但事实并不是如此。即使我一开始的假设不成立，我依然发现了一些很有意思的东西。比如女性对于作弊比男性更无法容忍，母亲是全职工作者的孩子对于在公共场合大声打电话的人有着更高的容忍度。这些发现都令我十分惊喜。