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The author utilizes archival sources from Shengjing including those related to bondservants,banner commanders, the Shengjing Military Commander - in - Chief’s Yamen and the Ginseng Bureau, and others, related to the management of the Ginseng Monopoly. The article examines the various aspects of the ginseng monopoly including; change over time, sources of ginseng, official permits to harvest, suppliers, amounts of ginseng exchanged and punishments for ginseng smuggling thereby providing a complete, in - depth and careful study of the Qing Shengjing ginseng monopoly.
The author utilized archival sources from Shengjing including those related to bondservants, banner commanders, the Shengjing Military Commander - in - Chief’s Yamen and the Ginseng Bureau, and others, related to the management of the Ginseng Monopoly. The article examines the various aspects of the ginseng monopoly including; change over time, sources of ginseng, official permits to harvest, suppliers, amounts of ginseng exchanged and punishments for ginseng smuggling thereby providing a complete, in - depth and careful study of the Qing Shengjing ginseng monopoly.