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摘要:本文尝试对英语句子中各种词类充当的成分和相互关系进行讨论,说明各种词类和结构在句子中充当的成分,并以列举例句的方式对句子中的各种词类的相互关系进行说明,以帮助广大英语学习者分析和理解英语句子,促进英语学习。
关键词:英语;句子;成分;关系
我接触过不少学生,发现有的学生在做英语完成句子等题目时常犯词类混淆的错误,或者在分析和理解一些复杂的英语句子面临较大的困难,这些极大地影响了学生学好英语的信心,影响了英语成绩的提高,这很大程度上是因为学生没有很好地了解英语中各类词汇的用法,没有很好地了解英语句子中词汇之间的相互关系。本文拟从句子结构和词汇之间的关系对英语句子中的词汇的应用进行探析。
“句子是语言运用的基本单位,它由词、词组(短语)构成,能表达一个完整的意思,如告诉别人一件事,提出一个问题,表示要求或者制止,表示某种感慨,表示对一段话的延续或省略。句子和句子中间有较大停顿。它的结尾应该用上句号、问号、省略号、或感叹号。”根据句子的结构,英语中的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。其中,简单句是由一个主语加一个谓语构成,其他句子都是由简单句发展而来。简单句有五种基本句型,分别是:1.主+谓 这种句型简称主谓结构,其谓语一般由不及物动词充当,如:He comes. The earth moves around the sun. 2.主+谓+宾 这种句型简称主谓宾结构,动词是及物动词,后面可以跟宾语,如: Mavis has a good education. I don’t cook my own meals as a rule.3. 主+系+表 这种结构简称主系表结构,动词是系动词,如:He is an honest man. His politics are rather conservative. 4.主+谓+间宾+直宾 这种结构简称双宾语结构,谓语由及物动词充当,间接宾语是人,是动词的间接作用对象,直接宾语是物,是动词的直接作用对象,如:He bought his son a story book. My father gave me a new bike as my birthday present. 5. 主+谓+宾+补 这种结构简称宾语补足语结构,宾语后面跟形容词、介词短语、名词等作为宾语补足语,I declare the meeting open. My father painted the door green. 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是:“简单句+并列连词+简单句”,并列连词有and, but, or, yet, so, while等。并列句中各个简单句的意义同等重要,结构上是并列和平行的关系。如:I like swimming while my wife likes playing table tennis. (我喜欢游泳而我的妻子喜欢打乒乓球。)Hurry up or you'll be late. (快点,否则你要迟到了。)
下面讨论英语中的词类及其相互关系,英语中的主要词类有名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、介词、副词、连词、叹词、拟声词等。
句子的组成离不开词汇,词汇的生命力在于在句子中的运用,英语中各种词类之间的相互关系是英语句子的基础。先说名词和名词短语,名词指的是事物名字的词,名词短语包括名词和以名词为核心所构成的名词短语,但名词短语不是孤立存在的,一个名词短语中包含名词、形容词、冠词、代词及副词的关系,形容词可以修饰名词,放在所修饰的名词前或名词后,前者如:a nice girl, good boys作名词的定语,后者如:the greatest writer alive等,多个形容词可以修饰一个形容词,这些形容词的先后位置顺序是:品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→材料→过去分词,如:a nice small new red Chinese cloth bag, 名词也可以修饰名词,表示被修饰名词的功能等,如a tea cup, a water cube。 在有形容词修饰的名词短语中,可以在名词前加上副词来修饰形容词,表示形容词的程度或状态等,如 a very good person, 还可以加上基数词表示数量,如seven very good friends, 还可以加上物主代词,如his seven very good friends等,名词短语(见下面斜体)在句子中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,作主语如:An apple is nutritious. 作宾语如:He has a very interesting story book. 作定语如:He has a story book.作狀语如:He will come here tomorrow.
代词包括主格代词、物主代词、宾格代词、反身代词和名词性物主代词,主格代词包括I, he,you, they, he, she, it, you可以指“你”或“你们”,主格代词在句子中作主语,动词有相应的数的变化和时态的变化,如:He has never been to England before. You are clever. 物主代词有my, your, his, her, their, its等,其中your可以指“你的”或“你们的” 物主代词后面可以跟名词短语,表示领属关系,如:his first car, your little brother等,物主代词构成的短语可以在句子中作主语、宾语或表语,作主语如:His younger brother is a teacher. 作宾语如:He loves his homeland very much.作表语如This is his brother. 反身代词可以用作同位语加强语气,如:The box itself is not heavy. 可以放在句末,如:You said so yourself. 可以作宾语:You should take care of yourself. 可以用做表语,如:This is myself. 名词性物主代词表示属于某人的东西,可以做表语,如:This book is mine. 也可以做主语,如:May I use your pen, yours works better. 下面讨论动词,动词是英语中表示动作或状态变化的词, 动词有两种分类方式,(1)限定动词和非限定动词。A.限定动词在句子中作谓语,有人称和数的变化,如:He likes apples. B. 非限定动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,没有人称和数的变化,如:She is going to Beijing. They are excited. I am to buy a car. 动名词和不定式可以做主语、表语,动名词短语还可以作定语和介词宾语 (2)分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词a.实义动词有完整的意义,在句子中作谓语,分为及物动词和不及物动词,如:study, reach, see等。实义动词有人称、时态和数的变化。如:He is studying at Oxford University. They reached Beijing yesterday morning. b.连系动词,连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语,连系动词有be, become, turn, stay, remain等, 有人称、时态和数的变化。如:He was a student at that time. c.情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词有can, will, must, should等,如:Can you help me repair my bike? He must have been there. d.助动词只能和主要动词一起构成时态、语态和语气,如do, have, has, shall, will等,如:Will she come to the party? Have you had your lunch?
副词可以修饰动词作状语,如:study hard,He runs fast. 程度副词也可以修饰其它副词,如:very slowly,He runs very fast. 及物动词和名词之间可以构成动宾关系,如:have a good friend, take a nap等。
形容词除了可以充当定语还可以作表语,如He is happy.也可以作伴随状语,如:He came into the classroom, happy and excited. 形容词可以用副词修饰构成形容词短语,如very nice, 在句子中 的用法和形容词相同。the+形容词表示一类人或事物, 表示人动词用复数,如 The rich enjoy higher statuses in the society.
下面讨论下介词、名词和动词的关系,介词是一种虚词,如in, on, under, behind, beside, above, before 等,有的介词可以充当句子成分如in和above,例如,He is in. What said above is of great value. 但大部分介词不能独立充当句子成分,需介词可以和表示时间、地点、位置和趋向的名词或动名词连用,这些名词和动名词就是介词宾语,如:in the basket,in the room。跟時间的介词有in, after, before等,如He will come back in three days. He fell asleep shortly after turning off the light. 跟地点的介词有in,on, under 等,如:He lives in Beijing. The ball is under the table. 表示趋向的介词有onto, into等,如:The teacher came into the classroom.介词in,at,on后面可加which来代替where来引导定语从句,如:The house in which they live is very spacious. =The house where they live is very spacious.介词短语可以做名词的后置定语,如: the book on the desk, the apples in the basket等,在句子中做表语,如:He was at home. He was in. 介词和动词、形容词名词常常构成固定搭配,和动词构成的搭配,如laugh at, look at, look for 和名词、动词构成的搭配,如: take care of, take notice of, pay attention to 等。
引导从句的词叫引导词,引导词在复合句中起引导从句的作用,复合句由主句和从句构成,状语从句的引导词有if, when,because,like, though等,如:He was absent from class because he was ill in bed. We will go for a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow. 定语从句的引导词有关系代词who, whom,whose,which,that, as;关系副词when, where,why.定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。如果先行词是人可以用that 或who 来引导,如:What is the girl that/who you talked with just now? 如果是先行词是物可以用which或that 引导,如:The skirt which/ that she is wearing looks very beautiful on her. 先行词前面如果有the same后面可以跟that也可以跟as,但表示的意思不同,前者表示同一个事物,后者表示的不是同一个事物,如: He writes with the same pen that I did yesterday.(他用我昨天用过的那只钢笔写字。) He writes with the same pen as I did yesterday. (他用来写字的钢笔和我昨天用的那支一模一样。)如果定语从句的先行词表示原因就用why来引导、表示地点就用where来引导等, 如:The reason why he didn’t attend the meeting is still unknown. I visited the farm where many cows were raised.
上面探讨了英语句子的种类和各种词类在句子中充当的成分和相互关系,限于篇幅,还有很多没有讨论到的地方,了解这方面的知识有助于大家分析和理解英语句子,包括比较复杂的句子,可以促进同学们英语学习能力的增强和英语成绩的提高。
参考文献:
[1]http://baike.sogou.com/v27601.htm#para1
[2]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2c4b9bda32d7375a5178075. html
[3]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2c4b9bda32d7375a5178075. html
[4]http://www.360doc.com/content/14/0321/22/7607720_362574941.shtml
[5]http://baike.sogou.com/v27601.htm#para1
[6]https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/215858892
[7]A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language Randolph Quirk el Langman Press London and New York
现代英语语法 李基安 外语教学与研究出版社
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 A S Hornby 李北达 商务印书馆
关键词:英语;句子;成分;关系
我接触过不少学生,发现有的学生在做英语完成句子等题目时常犯词类混淆的错误,或者在分析和理解一些复杂的英语句子面临较大的困难,这些极大地影响了学生学好英语的信心,影响了英语成绩的提高,这很大程度上是因为学生没有很好地了解英语中各类词汇的用法,没有很好地了解英语句子中词汇之间的相互关系。本文拟从句子结构和词汇之间的关系对英语句子中的词汇的应用进行探析。
“句子是语言运用的基本单位,它由词、词组(短语)构成,能表达一个完整的意思,如告诉别人一件事,提出一个问题,表示要求或者制止,表示某种感慨,表示对一段话的延续或省略。句子和句子中间有较大停顿。它的结尾应该用上句号、问号、省略号、或感叹号。”根据句子的结构,英语中的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。其中,简单句是由一个主语加一个谓语构成,其他句子都是由简单句发展而来。简单句有五种基本句型,分别是:1.主+谓 这种句型简称主谓结构,其谓语一般由不及物动词充当,如:He comes. The earth moves around the sun. 2.主+谓+宾 这种句型简称主谓宾结构,动词是及物动词,后面可以跟宾语,如: Mavis has a good education. I don’t cook my own meals as a rule.3. 主+系+表 这种结构简称主系表结构,动词是系动词,如:He is an honest man. His politics are rather conservative. 4.主+谓+间宾+直宾 这种结构简称双宾语结构,谓语由及物动词充当,间接宾语是人,是动词的间接作用对象,直接宾语是物,是动词的直接作用对象,如:He bought his son a story book. My father gave me a new bike as my birthday present. 5. 主+谓+宾+补 这种结构简称宾语补足语结构,宾语后面跟形容词、介词短语、名词等作为宾语补足语,I declare the meeting open. My father painted the door green. 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是:“简单句+并列连词+简单句”,并列连词有and, but, or, yet, so, while等。并列句中各个简单句的意义同等重要,结构上是并列和平行的关系。如:I like swimming while my wife likes playing table tennis. (我喜欢游泳而我的妻子喜欢打乒乓球。)Hurry up or you'll be late. (快点,否则你要迟到了。)
下面讨论英语中的词类及其相互关系,英语中的主要词类有名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、介词、副词、连词、叹词、拟声词等。
句子的组成离不开词汇,词汇的生命力在于在句子中的运用,英语中各种词类之间的相互关系是英语句子的基础。先说名词和名词短语,名词指的是事物名字的词,名词短语包括名词和以名词为核心所构成的名词短语,但名词短语不是孤立存在的,一个名词短语中包含名词、形容词、冠词、代词及副词的关系,形容词可以修饰名词,放在所修饰的名词前或名词后,前者如:a nice girl, good boys作名词的定语,后者如:the greatest writer alive等,多个形容词可以修饰一个形容词,这些形容词的先后位置顺序是:品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→材料→过去分词,如:a nice small new red Chinese cloth bag, 名词也可以修饰名词,表示被修饰名词的功能等,如a tea cup, a water cube。 在有形容词修饰的名词短语中,可以在名词前加上副词来修饰形容词,表示形容词的程度或状态等,如 a very good person, 还可以加上基数词表示数量,如seven very good friends, 还可以加上物主代词,如his seven very good friends等,名词短语(见下面斜体)在句子中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,作主语如:An apple is nutritious. 作宾语如:He has a very interesting story book. 作定语如:He has a story book.作狀语如:He will come here tomorrow.
代词包括主格代词、物主代词、宾格代词、反身代词和名词性物主代词,主格代词包括I, he,you, they, he, she, it, you可以指“你”或“你们”,主格代词在句子中作主语,动词有相应的数的变化和时态的变化,如:He has never been to England before. You are clever. 物主代词有my, your, his, her, their, its等,其中your可以指“你的”或“你们的” 物主代词后面可以跟名词短语,表示领属关系,如:his first car, your little brother等,物主代词构成的短语可以在句子中作主语、宾语或表语,作主语如:His younger brother is a teacher. 作宾语如:He loves his homeland very much.作表语如This is his brother. 反身代词可以用作同位语加强语气,如:The box itself is not heavy. 可以放在句末,如:You said so yourself. 可以作宾语:You should take care of yourself. 可以用做表语,如:This is myself. 名词性物主代词表示属于某人的东西,可以做表语,如:This book is mine. 也可以做主语,如:May I use your pen, yours works better. 下面讨论动词,动词是英语中表示动作或状态变化的词, 动词有两种分类方式,(1)限定动词和非限定动词。A.限定动词在句子中作谓语,有人称和数的变化,如:He likes apples. B. 非限定动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,没有人称和数的变化,如:She is going to Beijing. They are excited. I am to buy a car. 动名词和不定式可以做主语、表语,动名词短语还可以作定语和介词宾语 (2)分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词a.实义动词有完整的意义,在句子中作谓语,分为及物动词和不及物动词,如:study, reach, see等。实义动词有人称、时态和数的变化。如:He is studying at Oxford University. They reached Beijing yesterday morning. b.连系动词,连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语,连系动词有be, become, turn, stay, remain等, 有人称、时态和数的变化。如:He was a student at that time. c.情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词有can, will, must, should等,如:Can you help me repair my bike? He must have been there. d.助动词只能和主要动词一起构成时态、语态和语气,如do, have, has, shall, will等,如:Will she come to the party? Have you had your lunch?
副词可以修饰动词作状语,如:study hard,He runs fast. 程度副词也可以修饰其它副词,如:very slowly,He runs very fast. 及物动词和名词之间可以构成动宾关系,如:have a good friend, take a nap等。
形容词除了可以充当定语还可以作表语,如He is happy.也可以作伴随状语,如:He came into the classroom, happy and excited. 形容词可以用副词修饰构成形容词短语,如very nice, 在句子中 的用法和形容词相同。the+形容词表示一类人或事物, 表示人动词用复数,如 The rich enjoy higher statuses in the society.
下面讨论下介词、名词和动词的关系,介词是一种虚词,如in, on, under, behind, beside, above, before 等,有的介词可以充当句子成分如in和above,例如,He is in. What said above is of great value. 但大部分介词不能独立充当句子成分,需介词可以和表示时间、地点、位置和趋向的名词或动名词连用,这些名词和动名词就是介词宾语,如:in the basket,in the room。跟時间的介词有in, after, before等,如He will come back in three days. He fell asleep shortly after turning off the light. 跟地点的介词有in,on, under 等,如:He lives in Beijing. The ball is under the table. 表示趋向的介词有onto, into等,如:The teacher came into the classroom.介词in,at,on后面可加which来代替where来引导定语从句,如:The house in which they live is very spacious. =The house where they live is very spacious.介词短语可以做名词的后置定语,如: the book on the desk, the apples in the basket等,在句子中做表语,如:He was at home. He was in. 介词和动词、形容词名词常常构成固定搭配,和动词构成的搭配,如laugh at, look at, look for 和名词、动词构成的搭配,如: take care of, take notice of, pay attention to 等。
引导从句的词叫引导词,引导词在复合句中起引导从句的作用,复合句由主句和从句构成,状语从句的引导词有if, when,because,like, though等,如:He was absent from class because he was ill in bed. We will go for a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow. 定语从句的引导词有关系代词who, whom,whose,which,that, as;关系副词when, where,why.定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。如果先行词是人可以用that 或who 来引导,如:What is the girl that/who you talked with just now? 如果是先行词是物可以用which或that 引导,如:The skirt which/ that she is wearing looks very beautiful on her. 先行词前面如果有the same后面可以跟that也可以跟as,但表示的意思不同,前者表示同一个事物,后者表示的不是同一个事物,如: He writes with the same pen that I did yesterday.(他用我昨天用过的那只钢笔写字。) He writes with the same pen as I did yesterday. (他用来写字的钢笔和我昨天用的那支一模一样。)如果定语从句的先行词表示原因就用why来引导、表示地点就用where来引导等, 如:The reason why he didn’t attend the meeting is still unknown. I visited the farm where many cows were raised.
上面探讨了英语句子的种类和各种词类在句子中充当的成分和相互关系,限于篇幅,还有很多没有讨论到的地方,了解这方面的知识有助于大家分析和理解英语句子,包括比较复杂的句子,可以促进同学们英语学习能力的增强和英语成绩的提高。
参考文献:
[1]http://baike.sogou.com/v27601.htm#para1
[2]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2c4b9bda32d7375a5178075. html
[3]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2c4b9bda32d7375a5178075. html
[4]http://www.360doc.com/content/14/0321/22/7607720_362574941.shtml
[5]http://baike.sogou.com/v27601.htm#para1
[6]https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/215858892
[7]A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language Randolph Quirk el Langman Press London and New York
现代英语语法 李基安 外语教学与研究出版社
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 A S Hornby 李北达 商务印书馆