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在英语中,主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前、谓语在后,但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到了主语的前面,这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装的原因一是语法结构的需要,一是为了强调。
英语中常见的倒装有下列两种情况:
一、完全倒装:即把整个谓语动词置于主语的前面。完全倒装主要有下列几种形式:
1、引导词there be/exist等动词引导表示存在的句子时。
例如:There is a large modern library in our school.
2、副词up、down、on、in、off、away、out等引导的句子,谓语是come、go、rush、run等动词时。
如:The door opened,and in rushed a boy.
3、副词here、there 引導的句子,谓语是be、come、go等动词时。
如:Here are the story-books the students want.
4、副词now、then、thus等引导的句子,谓语是come、follow、begin、end、be等动词时。
如:Now comes your turn.
5、代词such引导的句子,谓语动词是be时。
如:Such is the influence of TV that it can make a person famous overnight.电视的影响力就是这么大,可以让人转眼成名。
6、介词短语置于句首,谓语是be、stand、sit、lie等动词时。
如:On the teacher’s desk are the new books for the students.
7、在直接引语后面或中间有作插入语的短语时。
如:“Look straight ahead,”cried the captain,“and tell me what you see.”
8、句子表示祝愿时。
如:Long live the People’s Republic of China!
9、表语提前的句子,以示强调。
如:Greatly loved in China are the English Romantic poets.
二、部分倒装:即把谓语动词的一部分(助动词、情态动词等)置于主语的前面。部分倒装主要有下列几种形式:
1、only位于句首用来修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句时,该从句不倒装,主句倒装。
如:Only then did I realize the importance of speaking English.
2、在not only…but also…结构中,若not only在句首引导一个句子,则该句要倒装,而but also后的句子不倒装。
如:Not only did he come here,but also he was very happy.
3、在no sooner…than…和hardly(scarecely)…when…两个结构中,若no sooner或hardly(scarecely)在句首引导一个句子,则该句要倒装,而than或 when后的句子不倒装。
如:No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.
4、在neither和nor结构中,若neither在句首引导一个句子,则neither和nor后的句子都要倒装。
如:Neither could theory do without practice,nor could practice do without theory.
5、so、neither、nor位于句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物。
如:The food didn’t cost much,but neither was it very good.
6、在 so…hat…句型中,若so位于句首,则主句需部分倒装,从句不倒装。即:so+形容词/副词+助动词/情态动词+主语+其它。
如:So loudly did he speak that he frightened the little girls.
7、否定词never、little、not、seldom、hardly等位于句首时。
如:Seldom have I met him recently.
8、在 not…until…句型中,若not位于句首,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。其语序为:Not until……+助动词/情态动词+主语+其它。
如:Not until he returned home did he find he had his money stolen.
9、含有否定意义的短语如in no way、at no time、in no case、by no means、in/under no circumstances等词组开头的句子,引起部分倒装。
如:In no way can his money be saved.
10、在虚拟语气中,如果虚拟条件句中含有were、 should、 had、 could而又省去了if的情况下,通常用倒装语序。
如:Were there no air on earth,there would be no living things.
11、用as引导让步状语从句要用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as的前面。as前可以是形容词、副词、名词、动词。若是名词,名词前无冠词;若是动词,则其后应有助动词。
如:Clever as the boy was,he found little difficulty in solving the problem.
英语中常见的倒装有下列两种情况:
一、完全倒装:即把整个谓语动词置于主语的前面。完全倒装主要有下列几种形式:
1、引导词there be/exist等动词引导表示存在的句子时。
例如:There is a large modern library in our school.
2、副词up、down、on、in、off、away、out等引导的句子,谓语是come、go、rush、run等动词时。
如:The door opened,and in rushed a boy.
3、副词here、there 引導的句子,谓语是be、come、go等动词时。
如:Here are the story-books the students want.
4、副词now、then、thus等引导的句子,谓语是come、follow、begin、end、be等动词时。
如:Now comes your turn.
5、代词such引导的句子,谓语动词是be时。
如:Such is the influence of TV that it can make a person famous overnight.电视的影响力就是这么大,可以让人转眼成名。
6、介词短语置于句首,谓语是be、stand、sit、lie等动词时。
如:On the teacher’s desk are the new books for the students.
7、在直接引语后面或中间有作插入语的短语时。
如:“Look straight ahead,”cried the captain,“and tell me what you see.”
8、句子表示祝愿时。
如:Long live the People’s Republic of China!
9、表语提前的句子,以示强调。
如:Greatly loved in China are the English Romantic poets.
二、部分倒装:即把谓语动词的一部分(助动词、情态动词等)置于主语的前面。部分倒装主要有下列几种形式:
1、only位于句首用来修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句时,该从句不倒装,主句倒装。
如:Only then did I realize the importance of speaking English.
2、在not only…but also…结构中,若not only在句首引导一个句子,则该句要倒装,而but also后的句子不倒装。
如:Not only did he come here,but also he was very happy.
3、在no sooner…than…和hardly(scarecely)…when…两个结构中,若no sooner或hardly(scarecely)在句首引导一个句子,则该句要倒装,而than或 when后的句子不倒装。
如:No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.
4、在neither和nor结构中,若neither在句首引导一个句子,则neither和nor后的句子都要倒装。
如:Neither could theory do without practice,nor could practice do without theory.
5、so、neither、nor位于句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物。
如:The food didn’t cost much,but neither was it very good.
6、在 so…hat…句型中,若so位于句首,则主句需部分倒装,从句不倒装。即:so+形容词/副词+助动词/情态动词+主语+其它。
如:So loudly did he speak that he frightened the little girls.
7、否定词never、little、not、seldom、hardly等位于句首时。
如:Seldom have I met him recently.
8、在 not…until…句型中,若not位于句首,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。其语序为:Not until……+助动词/情态动词+主语+其它。
如:Not until he returned home did he find he had his money stolen.
9、含有否定意义的短语如in no way、at no time、in no case、by no means、in/under no circumstances等词组开头的句子,引起部分倒装。
如:In no way can his money be saved.
10、在虚拟语气中,如果虚拟条件句中含有were、 should、 had、 could而又省去了if的情况下,通常用倒装语序。
如:Were there no air on earth,there would be no living things.
11、用as引导让步状语从句要用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as的前面。as前可以是形容词、副词、名词、动词。若是名词,名词前无冠词;若是动词,则其后应有助动词。
如:Clever as the boy was,he found little difficulty in solving the problem.