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Learning gender roles from movies and TV shows has real consequences on kids’ self-esteem and relationships.
孩子從影视节目中了解到的性别角色划分确实会影响其自尊和人际关系。
Gender stereotypes are messing with your kid. It’s not just one movie. It’s not just one TV show. It’s constant exposure to the same dated concepts in the media over and over, starting before preschool and lasting a lifetime—concepts like: Boys are smarter than girls; certain jobs are best for men and others for women; and even that girls are responsible for their own sexual assaults.
According to a recent report, which analyzed more than 150 articles, interviews, books, and other social-scientific research, gender stereotypes in movies and on TV shows are more than persistent; they’re incredibly effective at teaching kids what the culture expects of boys and girls. What makes these messages stick—and harder for parents to counteract2—is that they’re timed for the precise moment in kids’ development when they’re most receptive to their influence.
Think of preschoolers who are just beginning to identify as boys or girls. The characters they see on TV often have an obvious masculine or feminine appearance, such as a superhero’s big muscles or a princess’ long hair. These characteristics also are often associated with specific traits—for example, being strong and brave or fearful and meek3. Fast-forward to the tween and teen years, when characters begin to wrestle with relationships, life, and job prospects.4 That “strong and brave” superhero becomes aggressive and hostile. That “fearful and meek” princess becomes submissive5 and weak.
For young audiences who absorb ideas from the media on how to behave and what to become, these characterizations6 can lead to false assumptions and harmful conclusions. These oversimplified characterizations play out in many ways over and over. According to the report, a lifetime of viewing stereotypical media becomes so ingrained7 that it can ultimately affect kids’ career choices, self-worth, relationships, and ability to achieve their full potential.
And lots of parents are concerned about these issues, too. We polled nearly 1,000 parents across the country and found that they believe the media has a significant influence on their kids, from how girls should look and behave to how seeing violence can affect boys’ beliefs about themselves. Luckily, parents can assert control over the messages that Hollywood dishes out.8 Because, let’s face it: Exaggerating the differences between boys and girls is just a ploy9 to keep audiences entertained. It’s not what we really want our kids to emulate10. 14. segregate: 分离,分开。
∷秋叶 评
这个世界充满着所谓“模式化”的形象,尤其是对于像异国或异性这样的“他者”。例如,我们常说法国人浪漫并喜爱葡萄酒,德国人严谨并喜爱啤酒,而英国人古板并喜爱下午茶;男性勇敢果断,而女性温柔善良,等等。其实,这些成见就个体而言未必准确,但它们却很有效地成为了我们对于其他国家和民族的“社会集体想象物”,浓缩了我们对于他们的集体知识或认识。所谓的“模式化”形象或“成见”,英文为stereotype,原指印刷业中使用的“铅版”,后被转借到思想领域,指称那些一成不变的旧框框、老俗套。有人说,成见就是人们思想的现成模式,亦即人们对各类人物的先入之见。或者说,成见即我们头脑中现存的形象。其实,这种“先入之见”或“现存的形象”早自人类社会开始即已存在,绵延上万年,至今仍在制约着我们对于世界的认识。或者也可以说,我们就是在一定程度上通过这些“模式化”的形象来给现存世界赋予意义的。
在任何一个民族,关于男人、女人性别差异的模式化看法都是非常丰富的,而且根深蒂固,在很大程度上规范着不同性别的人在社会上的行为举止。法国当代女性主义批评家埃莱娜·西苏(Hélène Cixous)在其论文《突围》(“Sorties”)的篇首就罗列了男人和女人互为对立的性质:
Where is she?
Activity/passivity,
Sun/Moon,
Culture/Nature,
Day/Night,
Father/Mother,
Head/heart,
Intelligible/sensitive,
Logos/Pathos.
Form, convex, step, advance, seed,
Progress.
Matter, concave, ground—which supports the step, receptacle.
Man
Woman
她的位置何在?
主動/被动,
太阳/月亮,
文化/自然,
白天/夜晚,
父亲/母亲,
头脑/心灵,
睿智/敏感,
理性/感性。
形态、凸状、步伐、前进、种子,
进步。
物质、凹状、大地——支撑着
步伐,容器。
男人
女人
显然,在此男人是动,女人是静;男人是外扩,女人是内敛;男人领风气之先,而女人处于从属地位。难怪差不多一百年前,著名的奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud, 1856—1939)提出“女人是命中注定不完美的人(Woman is in fatality an imperfect man)”,亦即中国当代作家张贤亮所谓的“男人的一半是女人”。弗洛伊德的论据有三:一、女性天生有解剖学上的缺陷;二、仅存在一种力比多(即性本能背后的潜在力量),而这本质上是男性的;三、不管是男人还是女人,第一个爱的目标都是母亲,而只有对男人来说,爱异性才是“自然”的。男女生理上的差异可能会对其心理产生影响确实不假,但由此推导出女人命中注定干不了许多事情,只能死心塌地地处于从属边缘地位,显然也不符合事实与逻辑,因为这些给女性贴上的“命运(destiny)”“本质(nature or essence)”的标签大多是一种“社会建构(social construct)”,即本文开头所谓的“先入之见”的“模式化”形象。近一个世纪的社会发展也明确地告诉我们,这些关于男人与女人的“社会建构”形象变动不居,其差异性话语也随之时有变化,任何相关的刻板观念完全可能被修正甚至颠覆。在过去的几十年间,男女两性在职业、运动甚至穿着打扮等多个领域不断地“跨界”即为最好的佐证。
我国实行社会主义制度后,一直高举“妇女能顶半边天”,即男女完全平等的旗帜。在那艰苦的岁月里,女性学着男性也从事诸如农业、建筑业、制造业等重体力活,甚至跟男性一样,寒冷季节里在户外忍受着低温,甚至直接跳进水里作业。结果是,许多女性落下一身病,甚至终身不育!近些年,又常听到所谓的“女孩要富着养”“男人来自火星,女人来自金星”等话语,似乎男女分属两个不相干的种类,这无疑是走向了另一个极端。在笔者看来,在男女问题上,非此即彼的绝对主义需要被抛弃,否则不管对于女性还是男性都是一种无法弥补的伤害;同样,完全把他们画上等号也不是理性的做法,因为毕竟两者不管在身体还是精神上都有着各自的特点,跨界与融合都需要把握分寸。总之,男女之间摒弃传统上的各种条条框框,同时各自也保持一定的特色,达成一定的分工协作,互为补充的同时又彼此欣赏,这才是两性之间生物学与社会属性上的差异所要求的。我们的世界精彩纷呈,其中一个重要原因是多样性与“他者”的存在,正是它们给了这个世界生生不息的动力与源泉!
孩子從影视节目中了解到的性别角色划分确实会影响其自尊和人际关系。
Gender stereotypes are messing with your kid. It’s not just one movie. It’s not just one TV show. It’s constant exposure to the same dated concepts in the media over and over, starting before preschool and lasting a lifetime—concepts like: Boys are smarter than girls; certain jobs are best for men and others for women; and even that girls are responsible for their own sexual assaults.
According to a recent report, which analyzed more than 150 articles, interviews, books, and other social-scientific research, gender stereotypes in movies and on TV shows are more than persistent; they’re incredibly effective at teaching kids what the culture expects of boys and girls. What makes these messages stick—and harder for parents to counteract2—is that they’re timed for the precise moment in kids’ development when they’re most receptive to their influence.
我们日常观看的电影和电视节目,嘻嘻哈哈,玩玩闹闹,看似无关意识形态,实则传达了制片人乃至整个社会认为理所当然的一些观念。比如,温柔细腻的男人会被称为“娘娘腔”,大大咧咧的女人则被叫做“女汉子”。这样的叫法背后,暗藏着一套“男人/女人原本应该怎样”的逻辑。而从小接受这种逻辑洗礼的孩子,在人生道路上往往会受其限制。这个时候,就需要明智的家长予以指导了。
Think of preschoolers who are just beginning to identify as boys or girls. The characters they see on TV often have an obvious masculine or feminine appearance, such as a superhero’s big muscles or a princess’ long hair. These characteristics also are often associated with specific traits—for example, being strong and brave or fearful and meek3. Fast-forward to the tween and teen years, when characters begin to wrestle with relationships, life, and job prospects.4 That “strong and brave” superhero becomes aggressive and hostile. That “fearful and meek” princess becomes submissive5 and weak.
For young audiences who absorb ideas from the media on how to behave and what to become, these characterizations6 can lead to false assumptions and harmful conclusions. These oversimplified characterizations play out in many ways over and over. According to the report, a lifetime of viewing stereotypical media becomes so ingrained7 that it can ultimately affect kids’ career choices, self-worth, relationships, and ability to achieve their full potential.
And lots of parents are concerned about these issues, too. We polled nearly 1,000 parents across the country and found that they believe the media has a significant influence on their kids, from how girls should look and behave to how seeing violence can affect boys’ beliefs about themselves. Luckily, parents can assert control over the messages that Hollywood dishes out.8 Because, let’s face it: Exaggerating the differences between boys and girls is just a ploy9 to keep audiences entertained. It’s not what we really want our kids to emulate10. 14. segregate: 分离,分开。
阅读感评
∷秋叶 评
这个世界充满着所谓“模式化”的形象,尤其是对于像异国或异性这样的“他者”。例如,我们常说法国人浪漫并喜爱葡萄酒,德国人严谨并喜爱啤酒,而英国人古板并喜爱下午茶;男性勇敢果断,而女性温柔善良,等等。其实,这些成见就个体而言未必准确,但它们却很有效地成为了我们对于其他国家和民族的“社会集体想象物”,浓缩了我们对于他们的集体知识或认识。所谓的“模式化”形象或“成见”,英文为stereotype,原指印刷业中使用的“铅版”,后被转借到思想领域,指称那些一成不变的旧框框、老俗套。有人说,成见就是人们思想的现成模式,亦即人们对各类人物的先入之见。或者说,成见即我们头脑中现存的形象。其实,这种“先入之见”或“现存的形象”早自人类社会开始即已存在,绵延上万年,至今仍在制约着我们对于世界的认识。或者也可以说,我们就是在一定程度上通过这些“模式化”的形象来给现存世界赋予意义的。
在任何一个民族,关于男人、女人性别差异的模式化看法都是非常丰富的,而且根深蒂固,在很大程度上规范着不同性别的人在社会上的行为举止。法国当代女性主义批评家埃莱娜·西苏(Hélène Cixous)在其论文《突围》(“Sorties”)的篇首就罗列了男人和女人互为对立的性质:
Where is she?
Activity/passivity,
Sun/Moon,
Culture/Nature,
Day/Night,
Father/Mother,
Head/heart,
Intelligible/sensitive,
Logos/Pathos.
Form, convex, step, advance, seed,
Progress.
Matter, concave, ground—which supports the step, receptacle.
Man
Woman
她的位置何在?
主動/被动,
太阳/月亮,
文化/自然,
白天/夜晚,
父亲/母亲,
头脑/心灵,
睿智/敏感,
理性/感性。
形态、凸状、步伐、前进、种子,
进步。
物质、凹状、大地——支撑着
步伐,容器。
男人
女人
显然,在此男人是动,女人是静;男人是外扩,女人是内敛;男人领风气之先,而女人处于从属地位。难怪差不多一百年前,著名的奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud, 1856—1939)提出“女人是命中注定不完美的人(Woman is in fatality an imperfect man)”,亦即中国当代作家张贤亮所谓的“男人的一半是女人”。弗洛伊德的论据有三:一、女性天生有解剖学上的缺陷;二、仅存在一种力比多(即性本能背后的潜在力量),而这本质上是男性的;三、不管是男人还是女人,第一个爱的目标都是母亲,而只有对男人来说,爱异性才是“自然”的。男女生理上的差异可能会对其心理产生影响确实不假,但由此推导出女人命中注定干不了许多事情,只能死心塌地地处于从属边缘地位,显然也不符合事实与逻辑,因为这些给女性贴上的“命运(destiny)”“本质(nature or essence)”的标签大多是一种“社会建构(social construct)”,即本文开头所谓的“先入之见”的“模式化”形象。近一个世纪的社会发展也明确地告诉我们,这些关于男人与女人的“社会建构”形象变动不居,其差异性话语也随之时有变化,任何相关的刻板观念完全可能被修正甚至颠覆。在过去的几十年间,男女两性在职业、运动甚至穿着打扮等多个领域不断地“跨界”即为最好的佐证。
我国实行社会主义制度后,一直高举“妇女能顶半边天”,即男女完全平等的旗帜。在那艰苦的岁月里,女性学着男性也从事诸如农业、建筑业、制造业等重体力活,甚至跟男性一样,寒冷季节里在户外忍受着低温,甚至直接跳进水里作业。结果是,许多女性落下一身病,甚至终身不育!近些年,又常听到所谓的“女孩要富着养”“男人来自火星,女人来自金星”等话语,似乎男女分属两个不相干的种类,这无疑是走向了另一个极端。在笔者看来,在男女问题上,非此即彼的绝对主义需要被抛弃,否则不管对于女性还是男性都是一种无法弥补的伤害;同样,完全把他们画上等号也不是理性的做法,因为毕竟两者不管在身体还是精神上都有着各自的特点,跨界与融合都需要把握分寸。总之,男女之间摒弃传统上的各种条条框框,同时各自也保持一定的特色,达成一定的分工协作,互为补充的同时又彼此欣赏,这才是两性之间生物学与社会属性上的差异所要求的。我们的世界精彩纷呈,其中一个重要原因是多样性与“他者”的存在,正是它们给了这个世界生生不息的动力与源泉!