论文部分内容阅读
Several Common English Figures of Speech and Their Translating in Literature
Author: Liu Baijing
Abstract: English figures of speech are the artistic nature of language. As special signs of the language, they are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. By briefly analyzing several common English figures of speech, this paper makes readers understand what figures of speech are and how to apply them, and suggests some methods of translating them.
摘要：修辞是语言表达的艺术。作为积极修辞的英语修辞格广泛运用于文学作品。从语言学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种特殊的符号。从翻译学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种不同文化背景下独特的意境。本文通过对几种常见修辞的粗略分析，来体会其中翻译的韵味，并掌握其翻译技巧。
Key words: figures of speech, translation, method
关键词：修辞，翻译，方法
Introduction:
Different countries and different cultures carry different histories, but it makes us get together at the same time. Language is a tool for people to convey their feelings and thoughts. In order to improve the effects of expression and strengthen the persuasion, people apply many varieties of methods. M.A.K Halliday said: “Each language has its own logic, own figures of speech, and own value of aesthetics.” So we find, figures of speech are the artistic nature of language.
As special signs of the language, figures of speech are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. The categories of English figures of speech (Feng Cuihua. English Figures of Speech): simile, metaphor, analogy, personification, hyperbole, understatement, euphemism, metonymy, synecdoche, antonomasia, pun, zeugma, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, paradox, oxymoron, antithesis, epigram, climax, anti-climax, apostrophe, transferred-epithet, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and repetition.
The charm of figures of speech in literature lies in its beauty of relation, beauty of change, beauty of harmony, and beauty of sound and color. Now, let us analyze several common English figures of speech in literature, and try to summarize the methods of translating them.
1. Simile
It is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison words like as ,as…as, as if, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
e.g. ①Sore-eyed children clouds cluster of everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.(“Marrakech” AE1)
眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群的苍蝇,数也数不清。
②It was his voice, Jiajie’s voice, so endearing, so gentle, and so far away, as if, from another world.(《人到中年》)
是他的声音，家杰的声音！那么亲切，那么温柔，那么遥远，好似从九天之外的另一个世界飘来。(Trans. Wang Meijie)
Comparison, one is comparison between objects, this is called comparison in terms of images; the other is comparison between logics, this is called comparison in terms of logic. Example① compares “Sore-eyed children in unbelievable numbers” with “clouds of flies”, this is comparison in terms of images. Example② compares “Jiajie’s voice” with “one from another world”, this is comparison in terms of logic. English famous scholar Ivor Armstrong Richards divided comparison into two parts: ⑴the tenor, i.e. the idea being expressed or the subject of the comparison, such as “Sore-eyed children” and “Jiajie’s voice”; ⑵the vehicle, i.e. the image of which this idea is conveyed or the subject communicated, such as “clouds of flies” and “one from another world”; ⑶indicator of resemblance, links the tenor and vehicle, such as “like, as, as if”.
2. Metaphor
It is like a simile, which also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
e.g. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.(it refers to conversation.)(AE2)
它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方谁也拿不准。
The structure of metaphor is similar to that of simile. There are also the tenor, and the vehicle in it. Only different part is indicator of resemblance. We generally use be (am, is, are) become, fall into, etc. in metaphor.
In the light of the principles of function equivalence, there are five approaches to translate English simile and metaphor into Chinese. The five methods go as follows: literal translation, change in images, liberal translation, addition translation, and both literal and liberal translation. Here, the author will discuss the former two.
A. Literal translation
Literal translation is the most important translating method in the field of translation in China. Professor Liu Zhongde gives it the definition: “During the process of translating, literal translation is based on sentences, and considers the whole passage at the same time. It tries to reappear the original thoughts and style, and retains the original figures of speech and structures of sentences as possible as it can.” Because literal translation can retain the sentence structures and reappear the original contexts of mind, the author thinks it is the most common way in the simile translating.
Look at the examples in simile:
① The news came like a bolt from the blue. 消息传来犹如晴天霹雳。
② Passions are likened best to floods and streams. The shallow murmur, but the deep is dump.
激情最像洪水与溪流，水面喧声淙淙，水底无语无声。
From the above examples, we can know the translators apply the literal translation to translate simile. The original structures, images and comparisons are conveyed into the translation directly. This is the equivalent translation. Apparently, it’s different that the linking words in the original sentences are omitted. The prepositions (indicator of resemblance) are translated into “像，犹如”. This is the Chinese feature.
Look at the examples in metaphor:
① He is said to be a rough diamond. (《英语转换修辞句法》)
人们说他是一块璞玉。
② The sweetest music to lovers is the sound of each other’s tongue at night. (Tan Weiguo.《报刊英语教程》)
对于情人来说，最甜蜜的音乐就是他们在夜间互吐衷肠的声音。
When the vehicles are nearly the same in the two languages, we certainly apply the method, literal translation. In addition, when we can’t find the same or corresponding vehicles in translation, and the national feathers of the original vehicles are not very clear, while they can be received in the different culture, we can use the literal translation. This is the language function that can accept the foreign cultures. In fact, some vehicles in English simile are transplanted directly into Chinese, such as “show one’s cards” (摊牌), “an eye for an eye ,a tooth for a tooth”(以眼还眼，以牙还牙)etc.
B. Change in images or vehicles
Every nation has its own methods in expression, and every comparison has its own feathers. To the same images, because of different region, different society and different culture background, different nation may have different association that forms some distance and difference in their languages. For examples, there are distinctly national features in the simile vehicles. Although there are many vehicle equivalences in English and Chinese, the number is limited. In fact, there are a lot of equivalent methods in which the same meaning of comparisons has different vehicles. So when we meet the comparisons that are not translated literally, we must change their images or vehicles. E.g. (Hu Wenchong Culture and Communication):
① Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手
② You are putting all your eggs in one basket. 你这是孤注一掷。
Macroscopically, there are many common characters in the whole human culture; microcosmically, there are also individualities in each national culture. Especially, idioms and proverbs are the fruits of the national cultures, which fully reflect the national features. E.g. (Xu Chaoxi《英谚译介》):
① a rat in a hole 瓮中捉鳖
② like a drowned rat 像落汤鸡
These translations achieve the likeness in spirit but not in forms. This also follows American famous translation scholar Eugere A. Nida “Functional Equivalence”. When we change images and vehicles, we defer to its national features, national culture and language features, and we also must think about the degree of readers’ acceptance.
3. Metonymy
It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.
e.g. ①Let’s have a chat over a bottle. 咱们边喝酒边聊天吧。
②He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown. 他选择了当兵，而没有选择上大学。
③On the 14th of march, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. (Frederick Engels. Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx) 3月14日，下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止了思考。
The types of metonymy and their functions:
⑴ Names of containers instead of things in them.
example①,“bottle” instead of “the wine in the bottle”.
⑵ Tools or organs instead of the tenors:
example②,“gun” instead of “soldier”, “cap and gown” instead of “entering the university”.
⑶ Reasons and results instead of each other:
Example③,“ceased to think” instead of “died”.
Methods of translation:
According to the features of the above types, we can apply literal translation, liberal translation and addition translation in metonymy.
e.g. ①Lawrence became the mouthpiece for the Orsatti family, and when the timing was right, Orsatti had him elevated to a judgeship. (Sidne Sheldon. If Tomorrow Comes.)
劳伦斯成了奥斯蒂家族的喉舌，奥斯蒂则瞅着时机成熟，将他推上了法官的宝座。
“mouthpiece”: literal translation, this method retains the original images which makes the translation have more appeal to readers.
4. personification
One kind of rhetoric is poetic; one kind of rhetoric is vivid; one kind of rhetoric is clear. This is the daffodil in the figures of speech―personification: it gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attribute to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.
e.g. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty. (R. Tagore. Stray Birds)
雾，像爱情一样，在山峰的心上游戏，生出种种美丽的变幻。
Personification in English and Chinese is different in approach but equally satisfactory in result. The use of it is also similar to each other. In the following part, the author will introduce the usage of personification briefly.
⑴ personification of inanimate objects
e.g. The ancient mansion spoke to me of by gone days. 古老的宅第对我诉说逝去的岁月年华。
⑵ personification of animate objects (chiefly used in literature and art, especially used in conversations.)
e.g. The lion laughed scornfully at this, but he lifted his paw and let his brave prisoner go free.
那狮子哈哈大笑，对此嗤之以鼻，但还是高抬贵手，把自己勇敢的囚犯放走了。
⑶ personification of flowers, grass and trees
e.g. The flowers smile at every visitor. 鲜花向所有来宾绽开笑容。
⑷ personification of natural phenomenon
e.g. The gentle breeze caresses my cheeks and soothed my anger. 和风轻抚我的脸颊，平息了我的怒气。
5.Hyperbole:
It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.
The roles of hyperbole:
First, it must be based on the objective cases and life foundations, which make people, believe.
Second, the use of hyperbole must be clear, which makes people know it is hyperbole not only describing.
Third, the use of hyperbole must be novel not vulgar.
Fourth, translators must pay attention to the range of hyperbole.
The translation of hyperbole is relative easier which is similar to Chinese hyperbole. When we translate it, we can apply literal translation.
e.g. His eloquence would split rocks. 他的雄辩之威力，能劈磐石。
Sometimes, we can also apply liberal translation.
e.g. It’s a crime to stay on such a beautiful day. 今天阳光明媚，躲在家里实在太遗憾了。
While translating hyperbole, we should notice the language appeal and inspiration which can give readers pleasure, imaginations, and deep impressions.
Conclusion
We have talked about figures of speech so much. In fact, the translation of rhetoric is a process of recreation. It reproduces the original ideas and context of situation. As Mao Dun said: “…the literary translation is that translators convey the original thoughts and context of mind to readers as if they are reading the original works, which gives them the inspiration and enjoyment of beauty.” Therefore, if we want to improve the abilities to do the translation, we must study figures of speech first. However, in our English teaching, people always pay much attention to the grammar and vocabulary, and ignore figures of speech. In the fields of linguistics and foreign language teaching, scholars who study rhetoric are so few that this subject is still a weak part in the foreign language studying. In my opinion, nowadays, some people think it is unnecessary to go deep into it, or some people think it is unattainable to study it. Many people consider figures of speech are hidden in the famous masters’ works; however, in fact, they are in our daily lives. We should do a feasibility to change our backward ideas. In the meantime, we must improve the teaching and studying of rhetoric.
References
[1] 陈望道.修辞学发凡[M]. 上海：上海教育出版社，1982
[2] 冯翠华.英语修辞格[M]. 北京：商务印书馆，1983
[3] 张汉熙.Advanced English (Revised Edition) Book Ⅰ,Ⅱ. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
[4] 李国南.辞格与词汇[M].上海：杀害外语教育出版社，1992
[5] 李国南.英汉习用性比喻中的喻体比较与翻译[A].胡文仲.文化与交际[C].北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1994
[6] 余立三.英汉修辞比较与翻译[M].北京: 商务印书馆,1985
[7] 胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1992
[8] 李定坤.英汉辞格对比与翻译[M].武汉: 华中师范大学出版社,1994
[9] 章和升,王云桥.英汉翻译技巧[M].北京: 当代世界出版社,1997
[10] 原传道.英语修辞格的翻译方法[J].中国教育纵横杂志2003.4
Author: Liu Baijing
Abstract: English figures of speech are the artistic nature of language. As special signs of the language, they are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. By briefly analyzing several common English figures of speech, this paper makes readers understand what figures of speech are and how to apply them, and suggests some methods of translating them.
摘要：修辞是语言表达的艺术。作为积极修辞的英语修辞格广泛运用于文学作品。从语言学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种特殊的符号。从翻译学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种不同文化背景下独特的意境。本文通过对几种常见修辞的粗略分析，来体会其中翻译的韵味，并掌握其翻译技巧。
Key words: figures of speech, translation, method
关键词：修辞，翻译，方法
Introduction:
Different countries and different cultures carry different histories, but it makes us get together at the same time. Language is a tool for people to convey their feelings and thoughts. In order to improve the effects of expression and strengthen the persuasion, people apply many varieties of methods. M.A.K Halliday said: “Each language has its own logic, own figures of speech, and own value of aesthetics.” So we find, figures of speech are the artistic nature of language.
As special signs of the language, figures of speech are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. The categories of English figures of speech (Feng Cuihua. English Figures of Speech): simile, metaphor, analogy, personification, hyperbole, understatement, euphemism, metonymy, synecdoche, antonomasia, pun, zeugma, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, paradox, oxymoron, antithesis, epigram, climax, anti-climax, apostrophe, transferred-epithet, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and repetition.
The charm of figures of speech in literature lies in its beauty of relation, beauty of change, beauty of harmony, and beauty of sound and color. Now, let us analyze several common English figures of speech in literature, and try to summarize the methods of translating them.
1. Simile
It is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison words like as ,as…as, as if, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
e.g. ①Sore-eyed children clouds cluster of everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.(“Marrakech” AE1)
眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群的苍蝇,数也数不清。
②It was his voice, Jiajie’s voice, so endearing, so gentle, and so far away, as if, from another world.(《人到中年》)
是他的声音，家杰的声音！那么亲切，那么温柔，那么遥远，好似从九天之外的另一个世界飘来。(Trans. Wang Meijie)
Comparison, one is comparison between objects, this is called comparison in terms of images; the other is comparison between logics, this is called comparison in terms of logic. Example① compares “Sore-eyed children in unbelievable numbers” with “clouds of flies”, this is comparison in terms of images. Example② compares “Jiajie’s voice” with “one from another world”, this is comparison in terms of logic. English famous scholar Ivor Armstrong Richards divided comparison into two parts: ⑴the tenor, i.e. the idea being expressed or the subject of the comparison, such as “Sore-eyed children” and “Jiajie’s voice”; ⑵the vehicle, i.e. the image of which this idea is conveyed or the subject communicated, such as “clouds of flies” and “one from another world”; ⑶indicator of resemblance, links the tenor and vehicle, such as “like, as, as if”.
2. Metaphor
It is like a simile, which also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
e.g. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.(it refers to conversation.)(AE2)
它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方谁也拿不准。
The structure of metaphor is similar to that of simile. There are also the tenor, and the vehicle in it. Only different part is indicator of resemblance. We generally use be (am, is, are) become, fall into, etc. in metaphor.
In the light of the principles of function equivalence, there are five approaches to translate English simile and metaphor into Chinese. The five methods go as follows: literal translation, change in images, liberal translation, addition translation, and both literal and liberal translation. Here, the author will discuss the former two.
A. Literal translation
Literal translation is the most important translating method in the field of translation in China. Professor Liu Zhongde gives it the definition: “During the process of translating, literal translation is based on sentences, and considers the whole passage at the same time. It tries to reappear the original thoughts and style, and retains the original figures of speech and structures of sentences as possible as it can.” Because literal translation can retain the sentence structures and reappear the original contexts of mind, the author thinks it is the most common way in the simile translating.
Look at the examples in simile:
① The news came like a bolt from the blue. 消息传来犹如晴天霹雳。
② Passions are likened best to floods and streams. The shallow murmur, but the deep is dump.
激情最像洪水与溪流，水面喧声淙淙，水底无语无声。
From the above examples, we can know the translators apply the literal translation to translate simile. The original structures, images and comparisons are conveyed into the translation directly. This is the equivalent translation. Apparently, it’s different that the linking words in the original sentences are omitted. The prepositions (indicator of resemblance) are translated into “像，犹如”. This is the Chinese feature.
Look at the examples in metaphor:
① He is said to be a rough diamond. (《英语转换修辞句法》)
人们说他是一块璞玉。
② The sweetest music to lovers is the sound of each other’s tongue at night. (Tan Weiguo.《报刊英语教程》)
对于情人来说，最甜蜜的音乐就是他们在夜间互吐衷肠的声音。
When the vehicles are nearly the same in the two languages, we certainly apply the method, literal translation. In addition, when we can’t find the same or corresponding vehicles in translation, and the national feathers of the original vehicles are not very clear, while they can be received in the different culture, we can use the literal translation. This is the language function that can accept the foreign cultures. In fact, some vehicles in English simile are transplanted directly into Chinese, such as “show one’s cards” (摊牌), “an eye for an eye ,a tooth for a tooth”(以眼还眼，以牙还牙)etc.
B. Change in images or vehicles
Every nation has its own methods in expression, and every comparison has its own feathers. To the same images, because of different region, different society and different culture background, different nation may have different association that forms some distance and difference in their languages. For examples, there are distinctly national features in the simile vehicles. Although there are many vehicle equivalences in English and Chinese, the number is limited. In fact, there are a lot of equivalent methods in which the same meaning of comparisons has different vehicles. So when we meet the comparisons that are not translated literally, we must change their images or vehicles. E.g. (Hu Wenchong Culture and Communication):
① Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手
② You are putting all your eggs in one basket. 你这是孤注一掷。
Macroscopically, there are many common characters in the whole human culture; microcosmically, there are also individualities in each national culture. Especially, idioms and proverbs are the fruits of the national cultures, which fully reflect the national features. E.g. (Xu Chaoxi《英谚译介》):
① a rat in a hole 瓮中捉鳖
② like a drowned rat 像落汤鸡
These translations achieve the likeness in spirit but not in forms. This also follows American famous translation scholar Eugere A. Nida “Functional Equivalence”. When we change images and vehicles, we defer to its national features, national culture and language features, and we also must think about the degree of readers’ acceptance.
3. Metonymy
It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.
e.g. ①Let’s have a chat over a bottle. 咱们边喝酒边聊天吧。
②He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown. 他选择了当兵，而没有选择上大学。
③On the 14th of march, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. (Frederick Engels. Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx) 3月14日，下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止了思考。
The types of metonymy and their functions:
⑴ Names of containers instead of things in them.
example①,“bottle” instead of “the wine in the bottle”.
⑵ Tools or organs instead of the tenors:
example②,“gun” instead of “soldier”, “cap and gown” instead of “entering the university”.
⑶ Reasons and results instead of each other:
Example③,“ceased to think” instead of “died”.
Methods of translation:
According to the features of the above types, we can apply literal translation, liberal translation and addition translation in metonymy.
e.g. ①Lawrence became the mouthpiece for the Orsatti family, and when the timing was right, Orsatti had him elevated to a judgeship. (Sidne Sheldon. If Tomorrow Comes.)
劳伦斯成了奥斯蒂家族的喉舌，奥斯蒂则瞅着时机成熟，将他推上了法官的宝座。
“mouthpiece”: literal translation, this method retains the original images which makes the translation have more appeal to readers.
4. personification
One kind of rhetoric is poetic; one kind of rhetoric is vivid; one kind of rhetoric is clear. This is the daffodil in the figures of speech―personification: it gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attribute to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.
e.g. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty. (R. Tagore. Stray Birds)
雾，像爱情一样，在山峰的心上游戏，生出种种美丽的变幻。
Personification in English and Chinese is different in approach but equally satisfactory in result. The use of it is also similar to each other. In the following part, the author will introduce the usage of personification briefly.
⑴ personification of inanimate objects
e.g. The ancient mansion spoke to me of by gone days. 古老的宅第对我诉说逝去的岁月年华。
⑵ personification of animate objects (chiefly used in literature and art, especially used in conversations.)
e.g. The lion laughed scornfully at this, but he lifted his paw and let his brave prisoner go free.
那狮子哈哈大笑，对此嗤之以鼻，但还是高抬贵手，把自己勇敢的囚犯放走了。
⑶ personification of flowers, grass and trees
e.g. The flowers smile at every visitor. 鲜花向所有来宾绽开笑容。
⑷ personification of natural phenomenon
e.g. The gentle breeze caresses my cheeks and soothed my anger. 和风轻抚我的脸颊，平息了我的怒气。
5.Hyperbole:
It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.
The roles of hyperbole:
First, it must be based on the objective cases and life foundations, which make people, believe.
Second, the use of hyperbole must be clear, which makes people know it is hyperbole not only describing.
Third, the use of hyperbole must be novel not vulgar.
Fourth, translators must pay attention to the range of hyperbole.
The translation of hyperbole is relative easier which is similar to Chinese hyperbole. When we translate it, we can apply literal translation.
e.g. His eloquence would split rocks. 他的雄辩之威力，能劈磐石。
Sometimes, we can also apply liberal translation.
e.g. It’s a crime to stay on such a beautiful day. 今天阳光明媚，躲在家里实在太遗憾了。
While translating hyperbole, we should notice the language appeal and inspiration which can give readers pleasure, imaginations, and deep impressions.
Conclusion
We have talked about figures of speech so much. In fact, the translation of rhetoric is a process of recreation. It reproduces the original ideas and context of situation. As Mao Dun said: “…the literary translation is that translators convey the original thoughts and context of mind to readers as if they are reading the original works, which gives them the inspiration and enjoyment of beauty.” Therefore, if we want to improve the abilities to do the translation, we must study figures of speech first. However, in our English teaching, people always pay much attention to the grammar and vocabulary, and ignore figures of speech. In the fields of linguistics and foreign language teaching, scholars who study rhetoric are so few that this subject is still a weak part in the foreign language studying. In my opinion, nowadays, some people think it is unnecessary to go deep into it, or some people think it is unattainable to study it. Many people consider figures of speech are hidden in the famous masters’ works; however, in fact, they are in our daily lives. We should do a feasibility to change our backward ideas. In the meantime, we must improve the teaching and studying of rhetoric.
References
[1] 陈望道.修辞学发凡[M]. 上海：上海教育出版社，1982
[2] 冯翠华.英语修辞格[M]. 北京：商务印书馆，1983
[3] 张汉熙.Advanced English (Revised Edition) Book Ⅰ,Ⅱ. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
[4] 李国南.辞格与词汇[M].上海：杀害外语教育出版社，1992
[5] 李国南.英汉习用性比喻中的喻体比较与翻译[A].胡文仲.文化与交际[C].北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1994
[6] 余立三.英汉修辞比较与翻译[M].北京: 商务印书馆,1985
[7] 胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1992
[8] 李定坤.英汉辞格对比与翻译[M].武汉: 华中师范大学出版社,1994
[9] 章和升,王云桥.英汉翻译技巧[M].北京: 当代世界出版社,1997
[10] 原传道.英语修辞格的翻译方法[J].中国教育纵横杂志2003.4