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一、 独立主格结构的构成
独立主格结构一般由名词/代词（人称代词用主格）作为逻辑主语。独立主格结构中的逻辑谓语，最普通的是行为动词的分词或分词短语，其次是being或having been后接形容词、副词、介词或名词作逻辑表语，再次是以动词不定式作逻辑谓语。独立主格结构中的being或having been在名词当逻辑表语时不能省略。在其它情况下均可省略。
二、 独立主格结构的功能
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件、伴随或让步等情况，相当于状语从句或并列句。例如：
1. 伴随状语
The guard walked in, his nose （being）red with cold.
Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers (being) in her hands.
2. 原因状语
He being our senior, we always follow his advice.
The light (being) off, we could not go on with the work.
3. 条件状语
The last guard to arrive, our party will begin at once.(名词+不定式)
4. 时间状语
The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. (名词+过去分词)
He arriving at the station, the train started to move.(代词+现在分词)
5. 让步状语
It raining heavily, the peasants still worked in the fields.(代词+现在分词)
三、 独立主格结构应注意的几点：
1． 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但不能使用任何连词。
2． “名词+介词+名词”的结构中，特别是作伴随状语时，名词前可以不加冠词或形容词性物主代词，名词也不用复数形式。例如：
The gentleman rushed out of the room angrily, sword in hand.
The teacher entered the classroom, .
A. with book in hand
B. book in hand
C. a book in hand
D. holding book in his hand
3． 独立主格结构与分词作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它的主语与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换成状语从句后在一般情况下，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。例如：
① The ground covered with thick snow, it was difficult for trucks to move an inch forwards. 可转换成：
As the ground was covered with thick snow, it was difficult for trucks to move an inch forwards.
② Seeing from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.可转换成：
When we see from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.
四、 高考切入点
考查逻辑主语后非谓语动词的形式（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）：
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest______in a year.
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
2. The meeting______over, we all left the room.
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
3. Everything______into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken
C. to be taken D. taking
4. The fish______bad, the children left much of it______.
A. tasted; untouched
B. tasting; untouched
C. tasting; untouching
D. tasted; untouching
5. All the guests______, the meeting began.
A. having arrived B. have arrived
C. to arrive D. being arrived
【帮你归纳】 表示将来动作用不定式。如1题中的信息点in a year，可知答案为C。如果独立主格结构的逻辑主语与逻辑谓语是主谓关系，且动作正在进行或存在的状态，则用现在分词一般式，动作完成用现在分词完成式。如2、4和5题，答案为C、B和A。如果独立主格结构的逻辑主语与逻辑谓语是动宾关系，动作已经完成，则用过去分词。如3题，答案为B。
考查是选用分词作状语、独立主格结构、状语从句还是并列句：
1. ______the letter, tears kept coming to her eyes.
A. To read
B. Reading
C. While she was reading
D. She was reading
2. ______, I will finish another lesson.
A. If time permitting
B. Time permitting
C. Permitted
D. To permit
3. ______many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told
B. Though he had been told
C. He had been told
D. having told
4. ______now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs.
A. It was B. It being
C. The time was D. Being
5. There______no buses at that time, they had to walk home.
A. were B. being
C. would be D. having
6. Faced with a bill for $ 10. 000, ______.
A. John has taken an extra job
B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken to John
D. an extra job has been given
【帮你归纳】 如果有and, but等并列连词，则是并列句，如3题，答案为C。如状语部分的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，则用状语从句或独立主格结构，如1题，答案为C，句子为时间状语从句。2、4、5题为独立主格结构，答案为B、B、B。如状语部分的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，则用分词（短语）作状语，如6题，答案为A。
独立主格结构也可以由with(out)加名词或代词作宾语再加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或介词短语作为宾补，构成with的复合结构，功能同上。
1. The naughty boy now stood before the teacher with his head down. (with + 宾语+副词作方式状语)
2. My grandfather often sat in the yard, with his pipe in his mouth. (with + 宾语+介词短语作伴随状语)
3. With you to help us, we will be able to finish the task in time. (with + 宾语+不定式作条件状语)
4. The boy was lying on the grass, with his eyes looking into the blue sky. (with +宾语+现在分词作伴随状语)
5. With the work done, we went home. (with +宾语+过去分词作时间状语)
with的复合结构高考切入点
考查宾补的非谓语动词形式（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）：
1. With all those mouths______, he did not know what to do.
A. feeding B. to feed
C. fed D. feed
2. With everything he needed______, he left the market.
With something______, he left for the market.
A. bought B. buying
C. to buy D. to be bought
3. The street is not in good order with rubbish______everywhere.
A. lain B. laying C. laid D. lying
【帮你归纳】 这种非谓语动词形式与上面的独立主格特征一样。不定式作宾补，和宾语有动宾关系，但和主句中主语构成了主谓关系，仍用主动式。答案为：1.B；2. A / C；3. D。
考查选择介词
1. ______production up by 60%, the company had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Though
2. He went away______a word more spoken.
A. As B. without
C. by D. against
【帮你归纳】 只有介词with(out)可构成复合宾语。答案：1. C2. B。
巩固练习
1. With a lot of difficult problems______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. setting
C. to settle D. being settled
2. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree______.
A. in sight B. on earth
C. at a distance D. in place
3. They were sick with fear, both______.
A. shivering B. shivered
C. to shiver D. were shivering
4. He lay silently, eyes______.
A. closing B. closed
C. to close D. was closed
5. He left with his window______.
A. open B. opened
C. opening D. to open
6. With only 20 minutes______before the train left, I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.
A. to go B. gone C. went D. go
7. More time______, we would have done it much better.
A. given B. to give
C. giving D. was given
8. With two children______middle school in the nearby town now, the parents are working hard.
A. to attend B. attending
C. attended D. having attended
9. All the tickets______, we had to wait for the next week’s show.
A. having been sold out
B. have been sold out
C. sell out
D. selling out
10. Here are the first two volumes, the third______next month.
A. will come out B. to come out
C. came out D. coming out
Keys: 1. C2. A3. A4. B5. A6. A7. A8. B9. A10. B
独立主格结构一般由名词/代词（人称代词用主格）作为逻辑主语。独立主格结构中的逻辑谓语，最普通的是行为动词的分词或分词短语，其次是being或having been后接形容词、副词、介词或名词作逻辑表语，再次是以动词不定式作逻辑谓语。独立主格结构中的being或having been在名词当逻辑表语时不能省略。在其它情况下均可省略。
二、 独立主格结构的功能
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件、伴随或让步等情况，相当于状语从句或并列句。例如：
1. 伴随状语
The guard walked in, his nose （being）red with cold.
Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers (being) in her hands.
2. 原因状语
He being our senior, we always follow his advice.
The light (being) off, we could not go on with the work.
3. 条件状语
The last guard to arrive, our party will begin at once.(名词+不定式)
4. 时间状语
The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. (名词+过去分词)
He arriving at the station, the train started to move.(代词+现在分词)
5. 让步状语
It raining heavily, the peasants still worked in the fields.(代词+现在分词)
三、 独立主格结构应注意的几点：
1． 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但不能使用任何连词。
2． “名词+介词+名词”的结构中，特别是作伴随状语时，名词前可以不加冠词或形容词性物主代词，名词也不用复数形式。例如：
The gentleman rushed out of the room angrily, sword in hand.
The teacher entered the classroom, .
A. with book in hand
B. book in hand
C. a book in hand
D. holding book in his hand
3． 独立主格结构与分词作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它的主语与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换成状语从句后在一般情况下，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。例如：
① The ground covered with thick snow, it was difficult for trucks to move an inch forwards. 可转换成：
As the ground was covered with thick snow, it was difficult for trucks to move an inch forwards.
② Seeing from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.可转换成：
When we see from the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.
四、 高考切入点
考查逻辑主语后非谓语动词的形式（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）：
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest______in a year.
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
2. The meeting______over, we all left the room.
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
3. Everything______into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken
C. to be taken D. taking
4. The fish______bad, the children left much of it______.
A. tasted; untouched
B. tasting; untouched
C. tasting; untouching
D. tasted; untouching
5. All the guests______, the meeting began.
A. having arrived B. have arrived
C. to arrive D. being arrived
【帮你归纳】 表示将来动作用不定式。如1题中的信息点in a year，可知答案为C。如果独立主格结构的逻辑主语与逻辑谓语是主谓关系，且动作正在进行或存在的状态，则用现在分词一般式，动作完成用现在分词完成式。如2、4和5题，答案为C、B和A。如果独立主格结构的逻辑主语与逻辑谓语是动宾关系，动作已经完成，则用过去分词。如3题，答案为B。
考查是选用分词作状语、独立主格结构、状语从句还是并列句：
1. ______the letter, tears kept coming to her eyes.
A. To read
B. Reading
C. While she was reading
D. She was reading
2. ______, I will finish another lesson.
A. If time permitting
B. Time permitting
C. Permitted
D. To permit
3. ______many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told
B. Though he had been told
C. He had been told
D. having told
4. ______now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs.
A. It was B. It being
C. The time was D. Being
5. There______no buses at that time, they had to walk home.
A. were B. being
C. would be D. having
6. Faced with a bill for $ 10. 000, ______.
A. John has taken an extra job
B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken to John
D. an extra job has been given
【帮你归纳】 如果有and, but等并列连词，则是并列句，如3题，答案为C。如状语部分的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，则用状语从句或独立主格结构，如1题，答案为C，句子为时间状语从句。2、4、5题为独立主格结构，答案为B、B、B。如状语部分的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，则用分词（短语）作状语，如6题，答案为A。
独立主格结构也可以由with(out)加名词或代词作宾语再加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或介词短语作为宾补，构成with的复合结构，功能同上。
1. The naughty boy now stood before the teacher with his head down. (with + 宾语+副词作方式状语)
2. My grandfather often sat in the yard, with his pipe in his mouth. (with + 宾语+介词短语作伴随状语)
3. With you to help us, we will be able to finish the task in time. (with + 宾语+不定式作条件状语)
4. The boy was lying on the grass, with his eyes looking into the blue sky. (with +宾语+现在分词作伴随状语)
5. With the work done, we went home. (with +宾语+过去分词作时间状语)
with的复合结构高考切入点
考查宾补的非谓语动词形式（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）：
1. With all those mouths______, he did not know what to do.
A. feeding B. to feed
C. fed D. feed
2. With everything he needed______, he left the market.
With something______, he left for the market.
A. bought B. buying
C. to buy D. to be bought
3. The street is not in good order with rubbish______everywhere.
A. lain B. laying C. laid D. lying
【帮你归纳】 这种非谓语动词形式与上面的独立主格特征一样。不定式作宾补，和宾语有动宾关系，但和主句中主语构成了主谓关系，仍用主动式。答案为：1.B；2. A / C；3. D。
考查选择介词
1. ______production up by 60%, the company had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Though
2. He went away______a word more spoken.
A. As B. without
C. by D. against
【帮你归纳】 只有介词with(out)可构成复合宾语。答案：1. C2. B。
巩固练习
1. With a lot of difficult problems______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. setting
C. to settle D. being settled
2. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree______.
A. in sight B. on earth
C. at a distance D. in place
3. They were sick with fear, both______.
A. shivering B. shivered
C. to shiver D. were shivering
4. He lay silently, eyes______.
A. closing B. closed
C. to close D. was closed
5. He left with his window______.
A. open B. opened
C. opening D. to open
6. With only 20 minutes______before the train left, I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.
A. to go B. gone C. went D. go
7. More time______, we would have done it much better.
A. given B. to give
C. giving D. was given
8. With two children______middle school in the nearby town now, the parents are working hard.
A. to attend B. attending
C. attended D. having attended
9. All the tickets______, we had to wait for the next week’s show.
A. having been sold out
B. have been sold out
C. sell out
D. selling out
10. Here are the first two volumes, the third______next month.
A. will come out B. to come out
C. came out D. coming out
Keys: 1. C2. A3. A4. B5. A6. A7. A8. B9. A10. B