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近年来,高考阅读理解的选材和话题越来越注重丰富性、实用性、时代性和教育意义,语言地道、原汁原味。阅读理解不仅考查考生的语言能力,而且注重对其思维品质、学习能力和文化品格的考查。从阅读题目设置来看,高考英语阅读理解的题目大致可以分为细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、写作意图态度题。前三种题型的解题关键都是对长难句的理解,就分值而言,这三种题型的分值总和至少占阅读理解部分的三分之二。
一、长难句的定义
英语中的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句,我们所说的长难句多是指并列句和复合句。并列句由并列连词连接构成,常见的并列连词有and,but,for,so,or等,复合句中通常包含一个或多个从句,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句,复合句往往包含多种语法关系和特殊结构。
二、理解长难句的技巧
(1) 分析语法结构,去枝叶,留主干
一个句子的主干就是句子的主语和谓语。根据英语中五种基本句型的结构,先把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来,其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然。领会句意时,先把句子的主谓结构翻译出来,再去补充其他信息,就可以轻松地理解句子的大意。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
【分析】句中What引导主語从句,主干部分是一个主系表结构,a mixture做表语,过去分词短语known as volatile organic compounds做后置定语,修饰a mixture of chemicals...。
【译文】植物通过空气输送出的是一种被称作挥发性有机化合物的化学物质,简称VOCs。
(2017年全国卷Ⅲ·D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.
【分析】本句的主干是driving is important for preser-ving their independence,前面是介宾短语作状语,表示描述的对象,主句后面是现在分词作结果状语。
【译文】对于许多老人来说,特别是那些独居或生活在乡村的老人,开车对于保持他们的独立性至关重要,给了他们出行的自由,而无须依赖于他人。
(2017年江苏卷·C篇)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow.
【分析】去除定语和状语,句子的主干是A new commodity brings about a...industry, urging sb to do sth,在句中充当结果状语;who引导的从句是定语从句,修饰句中的those。
【译文】一种新的产品能带来一个高利润、快速成长的行业,使得反垄断监管机构进行干预来检查那些控制商品流通的垄断者。
(2017年江苏卷·D篇)In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.
【分析】句中的主干是farmers have begun painting,关系代词that引导的从句that has already fallen victim to climate change是定语从句,修饰glacier,in the hope that是介宾短语作状语。
【译文】在秘鲁,一座山上的冰川因为气候变化而开始融化,山旁边的当地农民把整座山峰漆成白色,希望这片新增的色彩能够使冰川恢复生命力。
(2016年全国卷Ⅰ·A篇)Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
【分析】句子的主干为:Her book raised awareness of...。of后面是两个并列的宾语,the dangers of pollution和the harmful effects of chemicals...。
【译文】她写于1962年的流行书《寂静的春天》让人们进一步认识到污染的危险,以及化学污染物对于人类和世界上的江河湖海的有害影响。
(2)判断逻辑关系,把握重点信息 英语句子的逻辑关系,通常都是通过连词、介词和副词体现出来的。连词连接各种状语从句,通过理解不同的连词所表达的逻辑关系,就能理解主句和其引导的状语从句之间的逻辑关系,句意的侧重点也就更加明显。考生平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语,表示目的的如so that,for the purpose that,in order that等;表示结果的如so...that...,such...that...,as a result,therefore,thus等;表示条件的如if,on condition that,unless等;表示原因的如because,since,as等。
(2017年全国卷Ⅰ· C篇)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
【分析】though是句中的副词,表示和前一句之间是转折的逻辑关系,介词despite后接名词,相当于一个让步状语从句,主句是一个由and连接的并列句。
【译文】尽管有各种庆祝活动, 然而美国爵士乐听众的数量在继续缩减并且趋于老龄化,音乐不能引起年轻一代的共鸣。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·A篇)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.
【分析】句中If 引導条件状语从句,而主句部分为祈使句,其中know后接宾语从句。so连接并列句,其中that引导同位语从句,说明the hint的内容,在该同位语从句中,when引导时间状语从句。
【译文】如果有人敲门,但不是什么重要的事情,你可以告诉对方自己很忙,这样他们能得到暗示,即当门关着时,你不愿被打扰。
(2017年北京卷·D篇)If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预) , we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.
【分析】这是一个主从复合句,句中if引导条件状语从句,to achieve our purposes为不定式作目的状语,从句中with whose引导定语从句,修饰先行词agency;主句中that引导宾语从句,作sure的宾语,which引导定语从句,修饰先行词purpose,put into the machine为过去分词短语作定语。
【译文】如果我们为了达到目的而使用一个我们无法有效干预的机械代理,我们最好确定一下我们使用机器的目的是不是我们真正想要的。
(2017年镇江高三一模)In that early stage, however, it is difficult to know whether their damaged navigational skills are actually due to the disease or simply a part of normal aging——because we currently don’t have a firm grasp on what “normal” is.
【分析】副词however表示和上文之间是转折的逻辑关系,because引导原因状语从句。
【译文】然而,在早期阶段,很难知道他们受损的方向感是由于这种疾病(阿尔茨海默病)还是只是正常衰老过程的一部分,因为我们目前尚未完全搞懂什么才是“正常的”衰老。
(2017年南通、泰州高三一模)Anglers generally care about shark conservation, but are unaware of some potential threats from recreational fishing and how they can best modify their angling techniques to improve survivorship of released sharks.
【分析】本句的主语是Anglers,谓语动词是由but连接的两个并列结构,即care about和be unaware of,显然but后面转折的内容是表意的重点,of后面又是由and连接的两个并列结构,how引导的名词性从句和some potential threats并列。
【译文】垂钓者通常都是关心鲨鱼保护的,但是他们不太清楚来自娱乐性垂钓的一些潜在威胁,以及他们该如何提高垂钓技术以提高放生鲨鱼的存活率。
(3)剔除辅助框架,读懂关键信息
很多句子看起来很长,但往往是一个框架很长的句式,这样的句式,表意的重点显然不在于这些辅助的框架,而在于框架之内的内容,因此,读懂框架内的关键信息至关重要。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)Back in 1983, two scien-tists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. 【分析】这个句子的主干是一个主谓宾结构who reported what,但是表意的重点在宾语从句中,现在分词短语getting bitten by insects修饰主语young maple trees,定语从句that neighboring plants can get修饰宾语a particular smell。
【译文】早在1983年,两个科学家Jack Schultz和Ian Baldwin就报道说,被昆虫咬了的枫树会发出一种特定的味道,这种味道能被周围的植物感知。
(2017年全国卷Ⅲ·B篇) Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
【分析】本句虽是一个主从复合句,但表意的重点在定语从句。which引导第一个定语从句,先行词是firm; where引导第二个定语从句,先行词是land。
【译文】Bradford把剧院和土地卖给了当地的开发公司,该公司计划在剧院所在地建一座综合购物大楼。
(2017年南京盐城高三一模)Rebecca Solnit, an acute observer of Katrina and its aftermath, has written, “The belief that a Hobbesian war of all-against-all has broken loose justified treating the place as a crime zone or even an unfriendly country rather than a place in which grandmothers and children were trapped in frightful conditions, desperately in need of food, water, shelter and medical attention.”
【分析】该句的主干是Rebecca Solnit has written...,但表意的重点是引号内的内容,that引导的定语从句修饰belief,rather than连接两个并列的宾语,a place后in which引导的定语从句修饰a place.
【译文】Rebecca Solnit是飓风Katrina及其后果的敏锐观察者,她写道:“人们认为一场霍布森式的‘每个人与每个人为敌’的战争已经爆发,这一信念使得人们很正常地把这个地方当作是犯罪区或一个不友好的国家,而不是一个老人和孩子都被困在恐怖条件下、急需食物、水、住处和医疗关注的地方。”
(2017年苏锡常镇高三三模)Scientists should be allowed to change a person’s DNA in ways that will be passed on to future generations, but only to prevent serious and strongly heritable diseases, according to a new report from the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine.
【分析】該句虽然是长句,但考生要快速领会其含义,可以剔除介宾短语according to a new report...。主干部分是Scientists should be allowed to change a person’s DNA,后面的in ways that...和 but only to...是由but连接的两个并列的状语,前者为方式状语,后者为目的状语。
【译文】根据国家科学院和国家医学科学院的一项新的报道,应该允许科学家用可以遗传给下一代的方式改变人的DNA,但只能是为了防止严重和遗传性强的疾病而改变。
(2017年南京、盐城高三一模)New Orleanians have always resembled New Yorkers, they tend to share the sense that to live anywhere else would lead inevitably to a stupid and pitiable existence beyond the bounds of understanding.
【分析】本句是用分号连接的两个并列的分句,表达递进的逻辑关系,sense后面是that引导的同位语从句,起解释说明的作用,虽然句子较长,但表意的重点是sense后的同位语从句,且关键词为live anywhere else would lead to a stupid existence,剔除辅助框架,故语意一目了然。
【译文】新奥尔良人总是和纽约人很像,他们往往有共同的感受——生活在别处会不可避免地导致一种令人无法理解的愚蠢而可怜的存在。
总之,高中英语阅读中的长难句并不是考生学好英语的拦路虎,只要考生掌握了基本的语法知识,遇到长难句、复杂句先宏观地将其进行归类,长难句就会立刻变成不同语法层面的简单句,然后再明晰句子的主干,则可准确地理解短文大意,获取重要信息。
一、长难句的定义
英语中的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句,我们所说的长难句多是指并列句和复合句。并列句由并列连词连接构成,常见的并列连词有and,but,for,so,or等,复合句中通常包含一个或多个从句,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句,复合句往往包含多种语法关系和特殊结构。
二、理解长难句的技巧
(1) 分析语法结构,去枝叶,留主干
一个句子的主干就是句子的主语和谓语。根据英语中五种基本句型的结构,先把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来,其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然。领会句意时,先把句子的主谓结构翻译出来,再去补充其他信息,就可以轻松地理解句子的大意。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
【分析】句中What引导主語从句,主干部分是一个主系表结构,a mixture做表语,过去分词短语known as volatile organic compounds做后置定语,修饰a mixture of chemicals...。
【译文】植物通过空气输送出的是一种被称作挥发性有机化合物的化学物质,简称VOCs。
(2017年全国卷Ⅲ·D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.
【分析】本句的主干是driving is important for preser-ving their independence,前面是介宾短语作状语,表示描述的对象,主句后面是现在分词作结果状语。
【译文】对于许多老人来说,特别是那些独居或生活在乡村的老人,开车对于保持他们的独立性至关重要,给了他们出行的自由,而无须依赖于他人。
(2017年江苏卷·C篇)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow.
【分析】去除定语和状语,句子的主干是A new commodity brings about a...industry, urging sb to do sth,在句中充当结果状语;who引导的从句是定语从句,修饰句中的those。
【译文】一种新的产品能带来一个高利润、快速成长的行业,使得反垄断监管机构进行干预来检查那些控制商品流通的垄断者。
(2017年江苏卷·D篇)In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.
【分析】句中的主干是farmers have begun painting,关系代词that引导的从句that has already fallen victim to climate change是定语从句,修饰glacier,in the hope that是介宾短语作状语。
【译文】在秘鲁,一座山上的冰川因为气候变化而开始融化,山旁边的当地农民把整座山峰漆成白色,希望这片新增的色彩能够使冰川恢复生命力。
(2016年全国卷Ⅰ·A篇)Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
【分析】句子的主干为:Her book raised awareness of...。of后面是两个并列的宾语,the dangers of pollution和the harmful effects of chemicals...。
【译文】她写于1962年的流行书《寂静的春天》让人们进一步认识到污染的危险,以及化学污染物对于人类和世界上的江河湖海的有害影响。
(2)判断逻辑关系,把握重点信息 英语句子的逻辑关系,通常都是通过连词、介词和副词体现出来的。连词连接各种状语从句,通过理解不同的连词所表达的逻辑关系,就能理解主句和其引导的状语从句之间的逻辑关系,句意的侧重点也就更加明显。考生平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语,表示目的的如so that,for the purpose that,in order that等;表示结果的如so...that...,such...that...,as a result,therefore,thus等;表示条件的如if,on condition that,unless等;表示原因的如because,since,as等。
(2017年全国卷Ⅰ· C篇)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
【分析】though是句中的副词,表示和前一句之间是转折的逻辑关系,介词despite后接名词,相当于一个让步状语从句,主句是一个由and连接的并列句。
【译文】尽管有各种庆祝活动, 然而美国爵士乐听众的数量在继续缩减并且趋于老龄化,音乐不能引起年轻一代的共鸣。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·A篇)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.
【分析】句中If 引導条件状语从句,而主句部分为祈使句,其中know后接宾语从句。so连接并列句,其中that引导同位语从句,说明the hint的内容,在该同位语从句中,when引导时间状语从句。
【译文】如果有人敲门,但不是什么重要的事情,你可以告诉对方自己很忙,这样他们能得到暗示,即当门关着时,你不愿被打扰。
(2017年北京卷·D篇)If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预) , we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.
【分析】这是一个主从复合句,句中if引导条件状语从句,to achieve our purposes为不定式作目的状语,从句中with whose引导定语从句,修饰先行词agency;主句中that引导宾语从句,作sure的宾语,which引导定语从句,修饰先行词purpose,put into the machine为过去分词短语作定语。
【译文】如果我们为了达到目的而使用一个我们无法有效干预的机械代理,我们最好确定一下我们使用机器的目的是不是我们真正想要的。
(2017年镇江高三一模)In that early stage, however, it is difficult to know whether their damaged navigational skills are actually due to the disease or simply a part of normal aging——because we currently don’t have a firm grasp on what “normal” is.
【分析】副词however表示和上文之间是转折的逻辑关系,because引导原因状语从句。
【译文】然而,在早期阶段,很难知道他们受损的方向感是由于这种疾病(阿尔茨海默病)还是只是正常衰老过程的一部分,因为我们目前尚未完全搞懂什么才是“正常的”衰老。
(2017年南通、泰州高三一模)Anglers generally care about shark conservation, but are unaware of some potential threats from recreational fishing and how they can best modify their angling techniques to improve survivorship of released sharks.
【分析】本句的主语是Anglers,谓语动词是由but连接的两个并列结构,即care about和be unaware of,显然but后面转折的内容是表意的重点,of后面又是由and连接的两个并列结构,how引导的名词性从句和some potential threats并列。
【译文】垂钓者通常都是关心鲨鱼保护的,但是他们不太清楚来自娱乐性垂钓的一些潜在威胁,以及他们该如何提高垂钓技术以提高放生鲨鱼的存活率。
(3)剔除辅助框架,读懂关键信息
很多句子看起来很长,但往往是一个框架很长的句式,这样的句式,表意的重点显然不在于这些辅助的框架,而在于框架之内的内容,因此,读懂框架内的关键信息至关重要。
(2017年全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)Back in 1983, two scien-tists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. 【分析】这个句子的主干是一个主谓宾结构who reported what,但是表意的重点在宾语从句中,现在分词短语getting bitten by insects修饰主语young maple trees,定语从句that neighboring plants can get修饰宾语a particular smell。
【译文】早在1983年,两个科学家Jack Schultz和Ian Baldwin就报道说,被昆虫咬了的枫树会发出一种特定的味道,这种味道能被周围的植物感知。
(2017年全国卷Ⅲ·B篇) Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
【分析】本句虽是一个主从复合句,但表意的重点在定语从句。which引导第一个定语从句,先行词是firm; where引导第二个定语从句,先行词是land。
【译文】Bradford把剧院和土地卖给了当地的开发公司,该公司计划在剧院所在地建一座综合购物大楼。
(2017年南京盐城高三一模)Rebecca Solnit, an acute observer of Katrina and its aftermath, has written, “The belief that a Hobbesian war of all-against-all has broken loose justified treating the place as a crime zone or even an unfriendly country rather than a place in which grandmothers and children were trapped in frightful conditions, desperately in need of food, water, shelter and medical attention.”
【分析】该句的主干是Rebecca Solnit has written...,但表意的重点是引号内的内容,that引导的定语从句修饰belief,rather than连接两个并列的宾语,a place后in which引导的定语从句修饰a place.
【译文】Rebecca Solnit是飓风Katrina及其后果的敏锐观察者,她写道:“人们认为一场霍布森式的‘每个人与每个人为敌’的战争已经爆发,这一信念使得人们很正常地把这个地方当作是犯罪区或一个不友好的国家,而不是一个老人和孩子都被困在恐怖条件下、急需食物、水、住处和医疗关注的地方。”
(2017年苏锡常镇高三三模)Scientists should be allowed to change a person’s DNA in ways that will be passed on to future generations, but only to prevent serious and strongly heritable diseases, according to a new report from the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine.
【分析】該句虽然是长句,但考生要快速领会其含义,可以剔除介宾短语according to a new report...。主干部分是Scientists should be allowed to change a person’s DNA,后面的in ways that...和 but only to...是由but连接的两个并列的状语,前者为方式状语,后者为目的状语。
【译文】根据国家科学院和国家医学科学院的一项新的报道,应该允许科学家用可以遗传给下一代的方式改变人的DNA,但只能是为了防止严重和遗传性强的疾病而改变。
(2017年南京、盐城高三一模)New Orleanians have always resembled New Yorkers, they tend to share the sense that to live anywhere else would lead inevitably to a stupid and pitiable existence beyond the bounds of understanding.
【分析】本句是用分号连接的两个并列的分句,表达递进的逻辑关系,sense后面是that引导的同位语从句,起解释说明的作用,虽然句子较长,但表意的重点是sense后的同位语从句,且关键词为live anywhere else would lead to a stupid existence,剔除辅助框架,故语意一目了然。
【译文】新奥尔良人总是和纽约人很像,他们往往有共同的感受——生活在别处会不可避免地导致一种令人无法理解的愚蠢而可怜的存在。
总之,高中英语阅读中的长难句并不是考生学好英语的拦路虎,只要考生掌握了基本的语法知识,遇到长难句、复杂句先宏观地将其进行归类,长难句就会立刻变成不同语法层面的简单句,然后再明晰句子的主干,则可准确地理解短文大意,获取重要信息。