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【摘要】词汇学习是语言学习的重要组成部分,是学好语言的基础。文章从框定目标词汇、注重词汇在文本语境中的复现和习得以及引导学生运用目标词汇等方面入手,使学生能在具体的阅读语境中多次接触和运用这些词汇,从而达到提高阅读课中词汇教学实效的目的。
【关键词】词汇;阅读课;语境;复现;教学实效
人类学家马林诺夫斯基(Malinowski)于1923年提出情景语境概念,它是指语篇产生时周围的情况、参与者的关系等。它可以帮助学生理解和掌握不同的话语背景、事件发生的时间和地点、个人经历、参与者以及相互关系的词语意义(Thompson,1996,转引自李丽君等,2009)。著名语言学家吕叔湘也提出“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命,才容易记住,才知道用法”。《新课程标准》对于各级别词汇教学提出了不同的目标,强调了理解词汇和运用词汇的能力。而高中英语每个单元都会围绕一个主题,因此,将目标词汇放到有着丰富语境的课文中,不仅能帮助学生更好地理解单词,也为单词提供了一个话题背景。学生在理解和运用词汇时联想到的不再是单个的词汇,而是一幅有色彩的画面、一个生动的故事。笔者在本文中应用了借助阅读课的话题语境并注重词汇复现的方式进行词汇教学,从而提升了阅读课上词汇教学的实效。
一、问题的提出
在人教版英语模块7 Unit 1 Living well的阅读教学的课堂观察中,笔者发现教师基本按照传统的教学方法从词汇表开始教学,先带着学生读两遍词汇表里的生词,再让学生花点时间熟悉单词,接着就开始进入文本内容梳理;在第二课时中,教师根据自己的教学经验整理出一些重点词汇进行讲解,然后借助词汇填空或翻译等机械性练习进行巩固训练。但是课后发现教学效果并不理想,本单元完成后还有不少学生对重点词汇没有掌握,特别在具体运用环节中出现词汇误用等问题。
为此,笔者分析了传统的词汇教学方法效果不理想的原因。一方面,新课程教材中每个单元的词汇量比以前增加了,在阅读后集中填鸭式教词汇,使学生抓不住重点;更为严重的是,这种脱离语境的教学学生不容易记住,同时也无法很好地理解掌握词汇的核心意义和在具体情境中的用法,因此在使用词汇时常常会把单词张冠李戴(王瑞雪.2016)。经过分析,笔者意识到,阅读课中对于词汇教学的方法还有待改进。于是在模块7的第二单元教学中,笔者对于阅读中的词汇教学尝试进行了改进。
二、阅读课中的词汇教学课例分析
(一)课前准备
1.词汇分级,框定目标词汇
备课时教师首先确定目标词汇,参考新课标英语词汇分级和《朗文当代英语词典(第四版)》所标出词频,确定重点单词,列出以词性分类的文本中16个重点生词:
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.envy desire alarm accompany declare
phrases.test out ring up
2.布置預习,了解目标词汇(要求包含但不限于这16个词)
(1)Underline the target words and phrases in the context to highlight them.
(2)Try to work out the meaning by referring to the context.
(3)Fill in the chart with the help of the reference books if coming across any confusing words in the text.
【设计说明】词汇分级让教师对目标词汇了然于心,做到有的放矢。让学生划出目标词汇有利于学生找到重点词汇,利用语境猜测生词或难词的意义,并用工具书验证猜测结果,提高学生自主学习的能力,也为目标词汇教学做好准备。
(二)课堂教学步骤
1.Pre-reading
Step1: 创设语境,导入目标词汇;英英释义,准确理解目标词汇。
(教师陈述,引出词汇)The other day, accompanied by my parents, I went to the No.1 People’s Hospital to visit my aunt, who had just given birth to a baby.At the sight of her, I felt alarmed for she was so overweight that she was not as elegant as she used to be.When I mentioned this change to her, she laughed and replied that her appearance was not to her satisfaction as well, but we didn’t need to feel sympathy for her.Because she would lose weight after the birth and she was certain to become even more elegant and beautiful than before.I desired her wish would come true when I saw her next time.
(1)alarmed:worried or frightened.
(2)elegant:tasteful and stylish in appearance or manner. (3)overweight: heavier than is usual or allowed; too fat.
(4)desire: wish for something; want.
(5)sympathy: sharing the feelings of others; feeling of pity for sb.
(6)accompany: walk or travel with sb as a partner.
(7)satisfaction: feeling of contentment felt when one has or achieves what one needs.
【设计说明】教师创设情景语境来教学词汇,目的是使词汇在学生的头脑中从单调枯燥的字符转变成生动形象的图片(徐琳,2010)。教师创设情景语境,让学生在具体的语境中接触本堂课的目标词汇并形成初步印象,同时用英英释义来培养学生英语思维习惯,避免汉语翻译造成的误解。
2.While-reading
Step2: 快速阅读文本,在语境中感知词汇。
(1)How many characters are mentioned in the text?
(2)What were Claire’s problems? What did Tony do to help?
Step3: 梳理文本细节信息,注重词汇在语境中的含义。
Step4: 理清故事发展顺序,再次迁入目标词汇,注重复现。
Read the text quickly then put the following events into correct order:
a.Claire borrowed a pile of books for Tony to read
b.Claire mentioned she wasn’t clever.But she thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot
c.The clerk was rude to Claire, so she rang Tony up to change the clerk’s attitude
d.Tony folded his arms around Claire and declared he didn’t want to leave her
e.Claire knew that Gladys thought she was having an affair.
b-a-c-e-d
【设计说明】步骤二至步骤四是学生对文本进行快速阅读和精读的过程,学生对于目标词汇有了在本文的故事情节中的进一步理解和感知,增加了可理解性的语言输入,为后面用目标词汇的输出过程打下了基础。
Step5: 创设对话语境,梳理课文的同时帮助学生在对话中初步运用目标词汇。
Make the outline with the guidance of the following questions.
Satisfaction Guaranteed
T: What was the Larry’s company experimenting with? (A robot-Tony.)
T: By whom was it going to be tested out? (It would be tested out by Claire.)
T: How did Claire feel when she first saw the robot? (She felt alarmed.)
T: What did Claire mention one day? (Claire mentioned that she wasn’t clever.)
T: What did Tony say? (Tony said she must feel very unhappy.)
T: How did Claire feel about the sympathy?(Claire thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot.)
T: What happened in the shop?(When the clerk was rude, Claire rang tony up and changed the clerk’s attitude.But Gladys thought Claire was having an affair.)
T: What did Tony do at the party?(Tony folded his arms around Claire, declaring that he didn’t want to leave her.)
【設计说明】在这个步骤中,学生通过教师的引导,在师生对话梳理文本内容的过程中,注重复现并口头运用目标词汇。同时,教师在黑板上板书关键词,为下一步的复述和运用词汇做好铺垫。并且,学生词汇运用中出现的错误也得到及时的纠正。
3.Post-reading
Step6: 根据关键词复述课文,借助文本语境提升运用词汇能力。
Now try to retell the story orally with the help of key words listed on the blackboard. experiment with test out alarmed absurd
sympathy rude ring up have an affair declare
附学生范例:
Claire’s husband, Larry, worked for a robot company.The company had begun experimenting with a household robot, which would be tested out by Claire.The moment Claire saw the robot—Tony, she felt alarmed at his appearance and intelligence.One day, Claire mentioned she was not clear, Tony offered sympathy for her.And Claire thought it absurd but began to trust him.On another occasion, when a clerk was rude to Claire, she rang Tony up and he helped a lot as well.Unluckily, Gladys overheard it when Claire called Tony a “dear” and thought she was having an affair.
【设计说明】步骤六是借助文本语境的语言输出过程,这个过程既能让学生加深对课文内容的理解和记忆,又让他们在借助阅读语境概括文本并对所学词汇加以口头运用。学生对词汇的理解和运用能力得以提升。
Step7: 编写英语故事,引导学生构建新的语境运用目标词汇(若时间不够可在课后完成)。
You are supposed to create a story containing the following words as many as possible.
展开想象,用所学单词编写一个完整的故事,尽可能多地使用所给单词。
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile affair
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.desire alarm accompany declare
Phrases.test out ring up experiment with
附学生习作:
Long long ago.There lived a bear in a forest.He ate a pile of leaves everyday.After he was full, he immediately went to sleep.
One day, before he fell asleep, he noticed a bird who was flying in the sky.He thought it elegant and declared that he could fly as well as the bird.
He spent a month inventing a machine that could take him fly.After finishing making it, he looked at it with great satisfaction and rang his friends up and desired them to see him test out the machine.Accompanied by the friends who all felt alarmed, he failed in the flight and lost his life because of being too overweight.
It was absurd of the fat bear to follow the bird, however, when you feel sympathy for the bear, you may admire his bravery.
【设计说明】步骤七是更高层次的语言输出过程,教师基于学生在阅读语境中的词汇习得情况,为学生设置了提升运用目标词汇的开放性的写作任务。学生的想象力被調动起来,目标词汇也在新的语境得到进一步的运用提升。
Step8: Homework.
a.学习小组交换修改含有目标词汇的自编故事并交给教师批阅。
b.熟读课文,背诵标识过的目标词汇及其所在句子。
(三)阅读课后的词汇循环复现,帮助学生熟记并运用词汇
在本堂阅读教学课结束之后,学生对于这些目标词汇在本单元中的学习并没有结束。笔者通过配套练习进一步拓展词汇在具体语境中的运用,并在备课组内分工合作选取相近话题的阅读文本来复现和拓展核心词汇,从而保证了学生对于阅读文本中目标词汇的巩固和掌握。
三、结语
在完成了这堂依托阅读文本语境学习目标词汇教学的阅读课之后, 学生已经基本理解并能初步运用这些目标单词。由于他们是在阅读文本的具体语境中掌握这些目标词汇的,因此这些词汇在学生的头脑中留下了比较深刻的印记。本课结束以后,教师对学生编写的英语故事进行了批阅,发现学生对于这些词汇的运用基本到位,在和学生的交谈中也发现学生对这样的词汇教学方法比较容易接受。因此,本课基本达成了依托语境,注重复现,提高词汇教学实效的目标。
【参考文献】
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[2]徐琳.运用情景语境策略培养高中学生的词汇学习能力[J].中小学外语教学,2010(03):26-31.
[3]王瑞雪.基于词块的高中英语词汇教学探索[J].教育现代化,2016(21):149-150.
[4]李丽君,伍洁琼,杜捷.英语词汇学教学中的语境策略的应用[J].华南热带作物学院学报,2009(02):75-76.
【关键词】词汇;阅读课;语境;复现;教学实效
人类学家马林诺夫斯基(Malinowski)于1923年提出情景语境概念,它是指语篇产生时周围的情况、参与者的关系等。它可以帮助学生理解和掌握不同的话语背景、事件发生的时间和地点、个人经历、参与者以及相互关系的词语意义(Thompson,1996,转引自李丽君等,2009)。著名语言学家吕叔湘也提出“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命,才容易记住,才知道用法”。《新课程标准》对于各级别词汇教学提出了不同的目标,强调了理解词汇和运用词汇的能力。而高中英语每个单元都会围绕一个主题,因此,将目标词汇放到有着丰富语境的课文中,不仅能帮助学生更好地理解单词,也为单词提供了一个话题背景。学生在理解和运用词汇时联想到的不再是单个的词汇,而是一幅有色彩的画面、一个生动的故事。笔者在本文中应用了借助阅读课的话题语境并注重词汇复现的方式进行词汇教学,从而提升了阅读课上词汇教学的实效。
一、问题的提出
在人教版英语模块7 Unit 1 Living well的阅读教学的课堂观察中,笔者发现教师基本按照传统的教学方法从词汇表开始教学,先带着学生读两遍词汇表里的生词,再让学生花点时间熟悉单词,接着就开始进入文本内容梳理;在第二课时中,教师根据自己的教学经验整理出一些重点词汇进行讲解,然后借助词汇填空或翻译等机械性练习进行巩固训练。但是课后发现教学效果并不理想,本单元完成后还有不少学生对重点词汇没有掌握,特别在具体运用环节中出现词汇误用等问题。
为此,笔者分析了传统的词汇教学方法效果不理想的原因。一方面,新课程教材中每个单元的词汇量比以前增加了,在阅读后集中填鸭式教词汇,使学生抓不住重点;更为严重的是,这种脱离语境的教学学生不容易记住,同时也无法很好地理解掌握词汇的核心意义和在具体情境中的用法,因此在使用词汇时常常会把单词张冠李戴(王瑞雪.2016)。经过分析,笔者意识到,阅读课中对于词汇教学的方法还有待改进。于是在模块7的第二单元教学中,笔者对于阅读中的词汇教学尝试进行了改进。
二、阅读课中的词汇教学课例分析
(一)课前准备
1.词汇分级,框定目标词汇
备课时教师首先确定目标词汇,参考新课标英语词汇分级和《朗文当代英语词典(第四版)》所标出词频,确定重点单词,列出以词性分类的文本中16个重点生词:
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.envy desire alarm accompany declare
phrases.test out ring up
2.布置預习,了解目标词汇(要求包含但不限于这16个词)
(1)Underline the target words and phrases in the context to highlight them.
(2)Try to work out the meaning by referring to the context.
(3)Fill in the chart with the help of the reference books if coming across any confusing words in the text.
【设计说明】词汇分级让教师对目标词汇了然于心,做到有的放矢。让学生划出目标词汇有利于学生找到重点词汇,利用语境猜测生词或难词的意义,并用工具书验证猜测结果,提高学生自主学习的能力,也为目标词汇教学做好准备。
(二)课堂教学步骤
1.Pre-reading
Step1: 创设语境,导入目标词汇;英英释义,准确理解目标词汇。
(教师陈述,引出词汇)The other day, accompanied by my parents, I went to the No.1 People’s Hospital to visit my aunt, who had just given birth to a baby.At the sight of her, I felt alarmed for she was so overweight that she was not as elegant as she used to be.When I mentioned this change to her, she laughed and replied that her appearance was not to her satisfaction as well, but we didn’t need to feel sympathy for her.Because she would lose weight after the birth and she was certain to become even more elegant and beautiful than before.I desired her wish would come true when I saw her next time.
(1)alarmed:worried or frightened.
(2)elegant:tasteful and stylish in appearance or manner. (3)overweight: heavier than is usual or allowed; too fat.
(4)desire: wish for something; want.
(5)sympathy: sharing the feelings of others; feeling of pity for sb.
(6)accompany: walk or travel with sb as a partner.
(7)satisfaction: feeling of contentment felt when one has or achieves what one needs.
【设计说明】教师创设情景语境来教学词汇,目的是使词汇在学生的头脑中从单调枯燥的字符转变成生动形象的图片(徐琳,2010)。教师创设情景语境,让学生在具体的语境中接触本堂课的目标词汇并形成初步印象,同时用英英释义来培养学生英语思维习惯,避免汉语翻译造成的误解。
2.While-reading
Step2: 快速阅读文本,在语境中感知词汇。
(1)How many characters are mentioned in the text?
(2)What were Claire’s problems? What did Tony do to help?
Step3: 梳理文本细节信息,注重词汇在语境中的含义。
Step4: 理清故事发展顺序,再次迁入目标词汇,注重复现。
Read the text quickly then put the following events into correct order:
a.Claire borrowed a pile of books for Tony to read
b.Claire mentioned she wasn’t clever.But she thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot
c.The clerk was rude to Claire, so she rang Tony up to change the clerk’s attitude
d.Tony folded his arms around Claire and declared he didn’t want to leave her
e.Claire knew that Gladys thought she was having an affair.
b-a-c-e-d
【设计说明】步骤二至步骤四是学生对文本进行快速阅读和精读的过程,学生对于目标词汇有了在本文的故事情节中的进一步理解和感知,增加了可理解性的语言输入,为后面用目标词汇的输出过程打下了基础。
Step5: 创设对话语境,梳理课文的同时帮助学生在对话中初步运用目标词汇。
Make the outline with the guidance of the following questions.
Satisfaction Guaranteed
T: What was the Larry’s company experimenting with? (A robot-Tony.)
T: By whom was it going to be tested out? (It would be tested out by Claire.)
T: How did Claire feel when she first saw the robot? (She felt alarmed.)
T: What did Claire mention one day? (Claire mentioned that she wasn’t clever.)
T: What did Tony say? (Tony said she must feel very unhappy.)
T: How did Claire feel about the sympathy?(Claire thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot.)
T: What happened in the shop?(When the clerk was rude, Claire rang tony up and changed the clerk’s attitude.But Gladys thought Claire was having an affair.)
T: What did Tony do at the party?(Tony folded his arms around Claire, declaring that he didn’t want to leave her.)
【設计说明】在这个步骤中,学生通过教师的引导,在师生对话梳理文本内容的过程中,注重复现并口头运用目标词汇。同时,教师在黑板上板书关键词,为下一步的复述和运用词汇做好铺垫。并且,学生词汇运用中出现的错误也得到及时的纠正。
3.Post-reading
Step6: 根据关键词复述课文,借助文本语境提升运用词汇能力。
Now try to retell the story orally with the help of key words listed on the blackboard. experiment with test out alarmed absurd
sympathy rude ring up have an affair declare
附学生范例:
Claire’s husband, Larry, worked for a robot company.The company had begun experimenting with a household robot, which would be tested out by Claire.The moment Claire saw the robot—Tony, she felt alarmed at his appearance and intelligence.One day, Claire mentioned she was not clear, Tony offered sympathy for her.And Claire thought it absurd but began to trust him.On another occasion, when a clerk was rude to Claire, she rang Tony up and he helped a lot as well.Unluckily, Gladys overheard it when Claire called Tony a “dear” and thought she was having an affair.
【设计说明】步骤六是借助文本语境的语言输出过程,这个过程既能让学生加深对课文内容的理解和记忆,又让他们在借助阅读语境概括文本并对所学词汇加以口头运用。学生对词汇的理解和运用能力得以提升。
Step7: 编写英语故事,引导学生构建新的语境运用目标词汇(若时间不够可在课后完成)。
You are supposed to create a story containing the following words as many as possible.
展开想象,用所学单词编写一个完整的故事,尽可能多地使用所给单词。
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile affair
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.desire alarm accompany declare
Phrases.test out ring up experiment with
附学生习作:
Long long ago.There lived a bear in a forest.He ate a pile of leaves everyday.After he was full, he immediately went to sleep.
One day, before he fell asleep, he noticed a bird who was flying in the sky.He thought it elegant and declared that he could fly as well as the bird.
He spent a month inventing a machine that could take him fly.After finishing making it, he looked at it with great satisfaction and rang his friends up and desired them to see him test out the machine.Accompanied by the friends who all felt alarmed, he failed in the flight and lost his life because of being too overweight.
It was absurd of the fat bear to follow the bird, however, when you feel sympathy for the bear, you may admire his bravery.
【设计说明】步骤七是更高层次的语言输出过程,教师基于学生在阅读语境中的词汇习得情况,为学生设置了提升运用目标词汇的开放性的写作任务。学生的想象力被調动起来,目标词汇也在新的语境得到进一步的运用提升。
Step8: Homework.
a.学习小组交换修改含有目标词汇的自编故事并交给教师批阅。
b.熟读课文,背诵标识过的目标词汇及其所在句子。
(三)阅读课后的词汇循环复现,帮助学生熟记并运用词汇
在本堂阅读教学课结束之后,学生对于这些目标词汇在本单元中的学习并没有结束。笔者通过配套练习进一步拓展词汇在具体语境中的运用,并在备课组内分工合作选取相近话题的阅读文本来复现和拓展核心词汇,从而保证了学生对于阅读文本中目标词汇的巩固和掌握。
三、结语
在完成了这堂依托阅读文本语境学习目标词汇教学的阅读课之后, 学生已经基本理解并能初步运用这些目标单词。由于他们是在阅读文本的具体语境中掌握这些目标词汇的,因此这些词汇在学生的头脑中留下了比较深刻的印记。本课结束以后,教师对学生编写的英语故事进行了批阅,发现学生对于这些词汇的运用基本到位,在和学生的交谈中也发现学生对这样的词汇教学方法比较容易接受。因此,本课基本达成了依托语境,注重复现,提高词汇教学实效的目标。
【参考文献】
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