论文部分内容阅读
不定式仍具有動词特性,有语态形式,分主动和被动两种,是动词语态考查的最高境界。究竟该选用何种形式一直困扰着广大考生。不定式语态的选择最终取决于不定式与修饰(作用)对象之间的关系以及不定式动作的实际执行者,二者缺一不可。现探讨如下:
一、分析不定式与修饰(作用)对象之间的关系
不定式与某一对象存在不同关系,依据关系选择不定式语态是解决问题的突破口。包括:
动宾关系
某一名词是不定式作用对象,做不定式的逻辑宾语,二者构成动宾关系,但不定式语态的选择还必须参考不定式动作实际执行者。若不定式为不及物动词,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,须加介词。介词的选用取决于功用和意义需要。
【例1】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier____into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking
C. broken D. to break
分析:D。不定式to break与宾语the chocolate之间存在动宾关系。为便于理解,the chocolate easier to break into small pieces可解释为the chocolate which Tom can break more easily into small pieces,the chocolate是break的宾语,构成动宾关系,但Tom是其逻辑主语,与break构成主动关系。
主谓关系
被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语,是不定式动作的执行者,二者构成主谓关系,动词不定式选择主动形式。
【例2】—The last one____pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
分析:C。不定式to arrive与主语the last one之间为主谓关系。为便于理解,“the last one to arrive”可解释为“the last one who arrives”,the last one是arrive的主语,构成主谓关系。不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子主语,是不定式动作实际执行者。
同位关系
不定式与所修饰的名词指的是同一事物,说明或解释所修饰名词的具体内容,动词不定式选择主动形式。
【例3】Volunteering gives you a chance____lives, including your own.
A. change B. changing
C. changed D. to change
分析:D。不定式to change lives与修饰语a chance之间为同位关系。为便于理解,a chance to change lives可解释为a chance that you can change lives.不定式to change lives对修饰语a chance解释说明,二者构成同位关系。类似地,the attempt/ability to do均是此种用法。
动状关系
被修饰的名词way/time/place实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间、地点等,动词不定式与这些名词通过介词才能发生意义关联,不定式选择主动形式。若动词不及物,介词可以省略。
【例4】This is the only way we can imagine____ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce
C. reduced D. reduce
分析:B。不定式to reduce与the only way没有语义联系,需加上介词in,即构成in the way搭配,做方式状语。为便于理解,the only way to reduce the over use of water可解释为the only way in which we can reduce the over use of water或in the way we can reduce the over use of water。 显然,修饰语the only way做动词reduce的状语,二者构成动状关系。
二、判断不定式动作实际执行者
正如前文所述,不定式与某一对象存在主谓、同位、动状关系时,不定式选择主动形式;与某一对象存在动宾关系时不定式语态的选择取决于不定式动作的实际执行者。因此,判断不定式动作的实际执行者是解决问题的核心。包括以下情况:
1.执行者在句中
不定式与作用或修饰对象构成动宾关系,但不定式动作实际执行主体在句中可以找到,且与不定式构成主谓关系,不定式选择主动形式,反之则选择被动形式。不定式的逻辑主语可以分以下几种情况:
(1)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语
【例5】l have a lot of readings____before the end of this term.
A. completing B. to complete
C. completed D. being completed 分析:B。不定式to complete虽与被修饰名词a lot of readings构成动宾关系,但其实施者依然是句子主语I,可理解为I will complete a lot of readings,故选用主动语态。再如:
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(可解释为the newly-elected president will settle a lot of difficult problems)
(2)句子的宾语是不定式的逻辑主语
【例6】Let those in need____that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand
C. understanding D. understood
分析:B。动词不定式(to)understand和作用对象从句(that we will go all out to help them)存在動宾关系,不定式动作的执行者不是句子主语we(被省略)而是宾语those。可理解为those in need will understand that we will go aU out to help them,故选用主动语态。再如:My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.(可解释为I will take a summer course to improve my writing skills)
(3)不定式的逻辑主语由介词for(with)引出。分如下两种情况:
①在“主语 系动词 形容词 to do”结构中
【例7】It’s important for the figures___regularly,
A. to be updated B. to have been updated
C. to update D. to have updated
分析:A。不定式to update的逻辑主语the figures由介词for引出,是不定式to update动作的承受者,存在动宾关系,可这样理解the figures are to be updated,故选择被动式。试比较:It’s important (for people) to update the figures regularly.(可解释为people will update the figures regularly)
②在“动词 宾语 形容词(补语) to do”结构中
【例8】Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it____.
A. reusing B. reused
C. reuses D. to be reused
分析:D。不定式to reuse与其作用对象waste存在动宾关系,但不定式的逻辑主语通过介词for引出,不定式逻辑主语不再是句子主语people而是waste。垃圾和回收利用存在被动关系,故选择被动式。试比較:Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier (for people) to reuse.
2.执行者在句外
为便于弄清楚不定式动作实际执行者,可以加介词by/for引出主语或改换成对应句子来帮助分析。
(1)添加by引出主语
句子主语或宾语是不定式动作的承受者,或不定式与修饰对象构成动宾关系,且不定式动作实际执行者在句中找不到,不定式只能选择被动形式。为便于理解,可依据主语、不定式和修饰对象三者逻辑关系判断不定式动作实施者,自行添加by引出即可。
【例9】The airport____next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed B. to be completed
C. completed D. having been completed
分析:B。不定式to complete与修饰语the airport构成动宾关系,但根据句意,句子主语the airport不是不定式to complete动作实施者。机场修建应有施工人员去实施,故选择被动式。为便于梳理关系,the one to be completed可这样理解为the one to be completed (by workers)。
(2)添加for引出主语
①在“be to blame/seek/let”结构中
在此结构中,不定式与其作用对象存在动宾关系,不定式使用主动形式。为便于理解,可以将“be to blame/seek/let”解释为“be for sb. to blame/seek/let”。
【例10】I feel it is your husband who____for the spoiled child.
一、分析不定式与修饰(作用)对象之间的关系
不定式与某一对象存在不同关系,依据关系选择不定式语态是解决问题的突破口。包括:
动宾关系
某一名词是不定式作用对象,做不定式的逻辑宾语,二者构成动宾关系,但不定式语态的选择还必须参考不定式动作实际执行者。若不定式为不及物动词,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,须加介词。介词的选用取决于功用和意义需要。
【例1】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier____into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking
C. broken D. to break
分析:D。不定式to break与宾语the chocolate之间存在动宾关系。为便于理解,the chocolate easier to break into small pieces可解释为the chocolate which Tom can break more easily into small pieces,the chocolate是break的宾语,构成动宾关系,但Tom是其逻辑主语,与break构成主动关系。
主谓关系
被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语,是不定式动作的执行者,二者构成主谓关系,动词不定式选择主动形式。
【例2】—The last one____pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
分析:C。不定式to arrive与主语the last one之间为主谓关系。为便于理解,“the last one to arrive”可解释为“the last one who arrives”,the last one是arrive的主语,构成主谓关系。不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子主语,是不定式动作实际执行者。
同位关系
不定式与所修饰的名词指的是同一事物,说明或解释所修饰名词的具体内容,动词不定式选择主动形式。
【例3】Volunteering gives you a chance____lives, including your own.
A. change B. changing
C. changed D. to change
分析:D。不定式to change lives与修饰语a chance之间为同位关系。为便于理解,a chance to change lives可解释为a chance that you can change lives.不定式to change lives对修饰语a chance解释说明,二者构成同位关系。类似地,the attempt/ability to do均是此种用法。
动状关系
被修饰的名词way/time/place实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间、地点等,动词不定式与这些名词通过介词才能发生意义关联,不定式选择主动形式。若动词不及物,介词可以省略。
【例4】This is the only way we can imagine____ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce
C. reduced D. reduce
分析:B。不定式to reduce与the only way没有语义联系,需加上介词in,即构成in the way搭配,做方式状语。为便于理解,the only way to reduce the over use of water可解释为the only way in which we can reduce the over use of water或in the way we can reduce the over use of water。 显然,修饰语the only way做动词reduce的状语,二者构成动状关系。
二、判断不定式动作实际执行者
正如前文所述,不定式与某一对象存在主谓、同位、动状关系时,不定式选择主动形式;与某一对象存在动宾关系时不定式语态的选择取决于不定式动作的实际执行者。因此,判断不定式动作的实际执行者是解决问题的核心。包括以下情况:
1.执行者在句中
不定式与作用或修饰对象构成动宾关系,但不定式动作实际执行主体在句中可以找到,且与不定式构成主谓关系,不定式选择主动形式,反之则选择被动形式。不定式的逻辑主语可以分以下几种情况:
(1)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语
【例5】l have a lot of readings____before the end of this term.
A. completing B. to complete
C. completed D. being completed 分析:B。不定式to complete虽与被修饰名词a lot of readings构成动宾关系,但其实施者依然是句子主语I,可理解为I will complete a lot of readings,故选用主动语态。再如:
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(可解释为the newly-elected president will settle a lot of difficult problems)
(2)句子的宾语是不定式的逻辑主语
【例6】Let those in need____that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand
C. understanding D. understood
分析:B。动词不定式(to)understand和作用对象从句(that we will go all out to help them)存在動宾关系,不定式动作的执行者不是句子主语we(被省略)而是宾语those。可理解为those in need will understand that we will go aU out to help them,故选用主动语态。再如:My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.(可解释为I will take a summer course to improve my writing skills)
(3)不定式的逻辑主语由介词for(with)引出。分如下两种情况:
①在“主语 系动词 形容词 to do”结构中
【例7】It’s important for the figures___regularly,
A. to be updated B. to have been updated
C. to update D. to have updated
分析:A。不定式to update的逻辑主语the figures由介词for引出,是不定式to update动作的承受者,存在动宾关系,可这样理解the figures are to be updated,故选择被动式。试比较:It’s important (for people) to update the figures regularly.(可解释为people will update the figures regularly)
②在“动词 宾语 形容词(补语) to do”结构中
【例8】Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it____.
A. reusing B. reused
C. reuses D. to be reused
分析:D。不定式to reuse与其作用对象waste存在动宾关系,但不定式的逻辑主语通过介词for引出,不定式逻辑主语不再是句子主语people而是waste。垃圾和回收利用存在被动关系,故选择被动式。试比較:Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier (for people) to reuse.
2.执行者在句外
为便于弄清楚不定式动作实际执行者,可以加介词by/for引出主语或改换成对应句子来帮助分析。
(1)添加by引出主语
句子主语或宾语是不定式动作的承受者,或不定式与修饰对象构成动宾关系,且不定式动作实际执行者在句中找不到,不定式只能选择被动形式。为便于理解,可依据主语、不定式和修饰对象三者逻辑关系判断不定式动作实施者,自行添加by引出即可。
【例9】The airport____next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed B. to be completed
C. completed D. having been completed
分析:B。不定式to complete与修饰语the airport构成动宾关系,但根据句意,句子主语the airport不是不定式to complete动作实施者。机场修建应有施工人员去实施,故选择被动式。为便于梳理关系,the one to be completed可这样理解为the one to be completed (by workers)。
(2)添加for引出主语
①在“be to blame/seek/let”结构中
在此结构中,不定式与其作用对象存在动宾关系,不定式使用主动形式。为便于理解,可以将“be to blame/seek/let”解释为“be for sb. to blame/seek/let”。
【例10】I feel it is your husband who____for the spoiled child.