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【摘要】整体教学是一种关于语言教学的理论和思想。整体语言理论强调语言是一个有机统一的整体,它是由部分组成的,但是部分相加不等于整体,整体比部分的总和大,整体优先于部分并决定部分的性质和意义。
【关键词】整体教学;理论和思想;强调语言;立体教学模式
Discusses “the whole instruction” shallowly in the high school English reading text utilization
He Xiaohui
【Abstract】The whole instruction is one kind about the language teaching theory and the thought. The overall language theory emphasis language is an organic unification whole, it is composed of the part, but part adding together is not equal to the whole, the whole is bigger than the part sum total, the whole first and decides the part in the part the nature and the significance.
【Key words】Whole instruction; Theory and thought; Emphasizes the language; Three-dimensional educational model
整体教学是一种关于语言教学的理论和思想。整体语言理论强调语言是一个有机统一的整体,它是由部分组成的,但是部分相加不等于整体,整体比部分的总和大,整体优先于部分并决定部分的性质和意义。
高中英语教学大纲规定:“课文应作为一个整体来教。开始时就分段教学,容易产生见树不见林的弊端,不利于学生掌握课文的中心思想和进行听、说、读、写综合训练。”即英语课文教学应当遵循“从整体入手,逐层深入”的规律。我在课文教学方法上进行了整体教学尝试,坚持信息的整体输入,坚持以课文为中心,开展听、说、读、写的交际活动。下面以高中英语外研版必修四Module 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication中的课文Greetings Around the World为例,谈谈我在课文教学中进行整体教学尝试的几点体会。
1 何谓整体教学
课文本身是一个整体,包含着语言、词汇、句型和语法等语言要素,它们是一个不可分割的整体,是形式和内容的统一,是一个有机的整体,不能把它分割开来。一旦分割开来,课文的功能就不复存在了。并且这几个要素互相依赖,相辅相成。课文作为信息的载体,它传导的是两个方面的信息:(1)关于客观事物的信息,即文化信息,如可以进行思想交流;(2)关于外语语言规则的信息,如语法规则。整体教学法的重心不能只停留在句子水平上词与句的理解, 而应该逐步过渡到在语篇水平上理解文章的整体构思、文体风格等内容。从认知学角度来看, 认知能力从低到高可分六个层次, 即:知识——理解——应用——分析——综合——判断, 高一级认知能力包括低级各层次的能力, 各级认知能力与语言学习的关系呈逐渐上升趋势。由此可见, 语篇水平上的阅读能力要远远高于句子水平上的能力, 学生对语篇结构的认识和理解能力越强, 其阅读水平就越高。
2 对高中英语外研版(必修)教科书的理解
高中英语外研版(必修)教科书是以培养学生交际能力为目的,以话题为中心,以对话、阅读、语法学习、听力和写作等内容所构成的整体教学单位。同时,通过语法和词汇在语篇中的多次循环,反复打好语言基本功,整套教材各个部分都是以语篇形式出现,为整体教学的课堂模式提供了保障。
3 整体教学在课文中的实践
整体教学从理解整篇文章内容入手,运用所学语言知识、捕捉重要语言线索对所读文章获得一个总体印象,然后分段(语篇)找出中心思想(main ideas)和重要信息,对文章进行表层理解 (literal comprehension)之后来理解作者的意图和立场,对篇章进行深层理解 (inferential comprehension);然后学生根据作者所表达的内容,说出自己的看法、观点,进行评价性理解(critical comprehension)。故我在设计过程中围绕这三个理解,结合立体教学模式P-W-P, 具体采用以下步骤:
Step 1 ( Pre -reading ) (5 minutes) 导入:必须把课文作整体,把学生的注意力引导到整体内容上来,创造传授知识和进行技能训练的语言环境,通过有效导入能丰富和激活学生的背景知识,因为背景知识对篇章的理解要大于语言知识。以外研版必修四Module 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication中的课文Greetings Around the World为例,用下面的教学任务来导入课文:
1)播放歌曲《if you are happy》视频的同时,我边做相应的肢体语言动作,如拍手,跺脚,眨眼睛等,抛砖引玉,导入新课。
2)多媒体播放精美的身势语言图片,缤纷多彩的异国风情,吸引学生进入交际角色,既引入了本节课的主题,又为下面的阅读做好了语言知识的准备,也为下面任务型小组活动的开展做好了铺垫。语言知识的准备体现在两个方面,一是身体语言相关词汇的激活,二是国家名称针对性的提前呈现。
Step 2 ( While——reading ) (26 minutes)
1. 速读(Fast-Reading)(3 minutes):通过速读,使学生大致掌握课文内容与篇章结构:
1)Listen to the tape of the passage.
2)Let the students read the passage as quickly as they can.
3)Choose the best title of the passage.
1 Saying It Without Words
2 When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do
3 Greetings Around the World
4 Read My Mind
2. 扫读 (Scanning) (3 minutes). 培养整体快速阅读习惯,关注课文内容与结构,理解文章大意。
1)Match the general idea with each paragraph.
Para 1 greetings in Asian countries
Para 2 ways of communication
Para 3 fascinating body language
Para 4 greetings in European &American countries
Para 5 American youth’s greeting today
2)The structure of the passage.
Part 1:Para 1
Part 2:Para 2-4
Part 3:Para 5
3.细读 (Careful reading) (20 minutes):通过任务型活动,使学生掌握文章中所内含细节,加强细节理解。
Task 1:Say if these statements are true or false.
1)Not all body language is conscious. ( )
2)Europeans shake hands with their left hand. ()
3)In Asia,people touch strangers when they meet.( )
4)In the US a“high five”is a way of saying hello. ( )
5)A “high five” is a formal gesture. ( )
6)Body language is less communicative than spoken or written language.( )
Task 2:Fill in the form with the details of the passage.
Task 3: Complete the sentences with the words given.
aggressive deal gesture greet formal informalposition trust unconscious weapon
1)Guns and knives are two different types of ____.
2)Someone who has a(n) ____attitude may be violent.
3)You can____someone by saying “hello”
4)Your____is the way you are sitting or standing.
5)If you are____of something you do not____know it is happening.
6)A(n)____is a business agreement.
7)A(n)____is a movement of the body to communicate something.
8)If you____someone you believe them and rely on them.
9)“Give me five!” is a(n)____greeting.
10)People are usually more with people they don’t know.
4.____巩固(Consolidation)(8 minutes):巩固本课内容,加深记忆。通过口笔头练习,检测学生对该篇章的理解,起到巩固作用。学生进一步认识到身体语言在跨文化交际中的重要性。
Fill in the blanks.
We use body language when we are introduced to stangers. Every culture has developed a____way to greet strangers to show them we are not .Traditionally, Europeans and Americans shake hands with the____hand——the hand fo most people.____The gesture is saying,“ I____you. I’m not____a threatening weapon.” We shake hands when we____ . It means, “ We____ and we trust each other.”
Greetings in Asian countries____involve touching the other person , but they always involve____. Traditionally____in____China, when we greet someone, we____the right____hand over the left and____slightly. Muslims give a salaam, where they____their heart ,____and forehead. Hindus join their____and bow their____in respect. In all of these examples, the hands are busy with the greeting and can not hold a .
Today, people still use their as a gesture of . American youths often greet each other with the expression ,“____!”. One person then____ his hand, palm outwards and five fingers. The____other person raises his hand and____the other’s open hand the head in a “high five”.Nowadays , it is quite a____greeting.
Step 3 ( Post-reading ):表演身势语, 亲身体验。(5 minutes)
Step4 Homework (1 minute) 输出(Output):让学生课后设计以下内容的海报,更有效地巩固学习成果:The formal greetings in America;The formal greetings in Europe;Greetings of Young Americans;Greetings in Muslims;Greetings in China;Greetings in Hindus.
总之,整体教学要求对所学材料有一个完整概念,而且讲求速度,这有利于提高学生的阅读水平,克服学生阅读中只注意词句而忽视文章的不良习惯,它避免了“分条割块”的呆板教学方法,教师只充当引导人和适时的总结者,对文章的阅读,对问题的回答以及对材料的理解和总结,几乎都由学生自己完成,大量地增加了学生的练习机会,有助于提高他们运用英语的能力,把“教师为主导,学生为主体”的教学理念贯穿于实际教学中。而且有助于学生阅读能力的培养与提高, 更有助于他们形成自主学习的能力, 为学生未来发展和终身学习奠定良好的基础。
【关键词】整体教学;理论和思想;强调语言;立体教学模式
Discusses “the whole instruction” shallowly in the high school English reading text utilization
He Xiaohui
【Abstract】The whole instruction is one kind about the language teaching theory and the thought. The overall language theory emphasis language is an organic unification whole, it is composed of the part, but part adding together is not equal to the whole, the whole is bigger than the part sum total, the whole first and decides the part in the part the nature and the significance.
【Key words】Whole instruction; Theory and thought; Emphasizes the language; Three-dimensional educational model
整体教学是一种关于语言教学的理论和思想。整体语言理论强调语言是一个有机统一的整体,它是由部分组成的,但是部分相加不等于整体,整体比部分的总和大,整体优先于部分并决定部分的性质和意义。
高中英语教学大纲规定:“课文应作为一个整体来教。开始时就分段教学,容易产生见树不见林的弊端,不利于学生掌握课文的中心思想和进行听、说、读、写综合训练。”即英语课文教学应当遵循“从整体入手,逐层深入”的规律。我在课文教学方法上进行了整体教学尝试,坚持信息的整体输入,坚持以课文为中心,开展听、说、读、写的交际活动。下面以高中英语外研版必修四Module 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication中的课文Greetings Around the World为例,谈谈我在课文教学中进行整体教学尝试的几点体会。
1 何谓整体教学
课文本身是一个整体,包含着语言、词汇、句型和语法等语言要素,它们是一个不可分割的整体,是形式和内容的统一,是一个有机的整体,不能把它分割开来。一旦分割开来,课文的功能就不复存在了。并且这几个要素互相依赖,相辅相成。课文作为信息的载体,它传导的是两个方面的信息:(1)关于客观事物的信息,即文化信息,如可以进行思想交流;(2)关于外语语言规则的信息,如语法规则。整体教学法的重心不能只停留在句子水平上词与句的理解, 而应该逐步过渡到在语篇水平上理解文章的整体构思、文体风格等内容。从认知学角度来看, 认知能力从低到高可分六个层次, 即:知识——理解——应用——分析——综合——判断, 高一级认知能力包括低级各层次的能力, 各级认知能力与语言学习的关系呈逐渐上升趋势。由此可见, 语篇水平上的阅读能力要远远高于句子水平上的能力, 学生对语篇结构的认识和理解能力越强, 其阅读水平就越高。
2 对高中英语外研版(必修)教科书的理解
高中英语外研版(必修)教科书是以培养学生交际能力为目的,以话题为中心,以对话、阅读、语法学习、听力和写作等内容所构成的整体教学单位。同时,通过语法和词汇在语篇中的多次循环,反复打好语言基本功,整套教材各个部分都是以语篇形式出现,为整体教学的课堂模式提供了保障。
3 整体教学在课文中的实践
整体教学从理解整篇文章内容入手,运用所学语言知识、捕捉重要语言线索对所读文章获得一个总体印象,然后分段(语篇)找出中心思想(main ideas)和重要信息,对文章进行表层理解 (literal comprehension)之后来理解作者的意图和立场,对篇章进行深层理解 (inferential comprehension);然后学生根据作者所表达的内容,说出自己的看法、观点,进行评价性理解(critical comprehension)。故我在设计过程中围绕这三个理解,结合立体教学模式P-W-P, 具体采用以下步骤:
Step 1 ( Pre -reading ) (5 minutes) 导入:必须把课文作整体,把学生的注意力引导到整体内容上来,创造传授知识和进行技能训练的语言环境,通过有效导入能丰富和激活学生的背景知识,因为背景知识对篇章的理解要大于语言知识。以外研版必修四Module 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication中的课文Greetings Around the World为例,用下面的教学任务来导入课文:
1)播放歌曲《if you are happy》视频的同时,我边做相应的肢体语言动作,如拍手,跺脚,眨眼睛等,抛砖引玉,导入新课。
2)多媒体播放精美的身势语言图片,缤纷多彩的异国风情,吸引学生进入交际角色,既引入了本节课的主题,又为下面的阅读做好了语言知识的准备,也为下面任务型小组活动的开展做好了铺垫。语言知识的准备体现在两个方面,一是身体语言相关词汇的激活,二是国家名称针对性的提前呈现。
Step 2 ( While——reading ) (26 minutes)
1. 速读(Fast-Reading)(3 minutes):通过速读,使学生大致掌握课文内容与篇章结构:
1)Listen to the tape of the passage.
2)Let the students read the passage as quickly as they can.
3)Choose the best title of the passage.
1 Saying It Without Words
2 When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do
3 Greetings Around the World
4 Read My Mind
2. 扫读 (Scanning) (3 minutes). 培养整体快速阅读习惯,关注课文内容与结构,理解文章大意。
1)Match the general idea with each paragraph.
Para 1 greetings in Asian countries
Para 2 ways of communication
Para 3 fascinating body language
Para 4 greetings in European &American countries
Para 5 American youth’s greeting today
2)The structure of the passage.
Part 1:Para 1
Part 2:Para 2-4
Part 3:Para 5
3.细读 (Careful reading) (20 minutes):通过任务型活动,使学生掌握文章中所内含细节,加强细节理解。
Task 1:Say if these statements are true or false.
1)Not all body language is conscious. ( )
2)Europeans shake hands with their left hand. ()
3)In Asia,people touch strangers when they meet.( )
4)In the US a“high five”is a way of saying hello. ( )
5)A “high five” is a formal gesture. ( )
6)Body language is less communicative than spoken or written language.( )
Task 2:Fill in the form with the details of the passage.
Task 3: Complete the sentences with the words given.
aggressive deal gesture greet formal informalposition trust unconscious weapon
1)Guns and knives are two different types of ____.
2)Someone who has a(n) ____attitude may be violent.
3)You can____someone by saying “hello”
4)Your____is the way you are sitting or standing.
5)If you are____of something you do not____know it is happening.
6)A(n)____is a business agreement.
7)A(n)____is a movement of the body to communicate something.
8)If you____someone you believe them and rely on them.
9)“Give me five!” is a(n)____greeting.
10)People are usually more with people they don’t know.
4.____巩固(Consolidation)(8 minutes):巩固本课内容,加深记忆。通过口笔头练习,检测学生对该篇章的理解,起到巩固作用。学生进一步认识到身体语言在跨文化交际中的重要性。
Fill in the blanks.
We use body language when we are introduced to stangers. Every culture has developed a____way to greet strangers to show them we are not .Traditionally, Europeans and Americans shake hands with the____hand——the hand fo most people.____The gesture is saying,“ I____you. I’m not____a threatening weapon.” We shake hands when we____ . It means, “ We____ and we trust each other.”
Greetings in Asian countries____involve touching the other person , but they always involve____. Traditionally____in____China, when we greet someone, we____the right____hand over the left and____slightly. Muslims give a salaam, where they____their heart ,____and forehead. Hindus join their____and bow their____in respect. In all of these examples, the hands are busy with the greeting and can not hold a .
Today, people still use their as a gesture of . American youths often greet each other with the expression ,“____!”. One person then____ his hand, palm outwards and five fingers. The____other person raises his hand and____the other’s open hand the head in a “high five”.Nowadays , it is quite a____greeting.
Step 3 ( Post-reading ):表演身势语, 亲身体验。(5 minutes)
Step4 Homework (1 minute) 输出(Output):让学生课后设计以下内容的海报,更有效地巩固学习成果:The formal greetings in America;The formal greetings in Europe;Greetings of Young Americans;Greetings in Muslims;Greetings in China;Greetings in Hindus.
总之,整体教学要求对所学材料有一个完整概念,而且讲求速度,这有利于提高学生的阅读水平,克服学生阅读中只注意词句而忽视文章的不良习惯,它避免了“分条割块”的呆板教学方法,教师只充当引导人和适时的总结者,对文章的阅读,对问题的回答以及对材料的理解和总结,几乎都由学生自己完成,大量地增加了学生的练习机会,有助于提高他们运用英语的能力,把“教师为主导,学生为主体”的教学理念贯穿于实际教学中。而且有助于学生阅读能力的培养与提高, 更有助于他们形成自主学习的能力, 为学生未来发展和终身学习奠定良好的基础。