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英语动词有16种时态,但是常见的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。
(一)一般现在时
(1)表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯。常用的状语有:often, sometimes, usually, every day等。如:Class begins at 8 o’ clock every morning.
(2)表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理。Lighttravels faster than sound,The earth moves around the sun.表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall,骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that tlie earth is round.
(3)表示按照计划、规定要发生的动作,句中都带有时间状语:(只限于是go,nome,leave,start,begin,stop,return,open.close等开始或移动意义的词。)His plane leaves at 10:00.
(4)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中。The momenthe arrives,I’ll tell him about it.
(5)在含宾语从句的复合句中。The children Were told inthe physics class that the moon moves round the sun.
(6)图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景。
(7)在某些到装句中,用一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作。Look out!Here comes a bus.
(二)一般过去时
1)表示过去的动作或状态。2)表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。3)叙述过去连续发生的事情。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:the other day,iastSunday/week,iust NOW(刚才),then,in the past,at that time,lastnight,yesterday,an heur ago,the other day,the year before last,{n1982等以及由连词when等引导的时间状语从句。It was theother day that T met him,He got hurt when he landed on the ground,
(1)句型.
It is time for sb,to do sth”到……时间了””该……一了”
It is time sb,did sth.
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed,你早该睡觉了。
(2)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
(3)Mrs,Darby lived in Kentncky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs,Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years;
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
(3)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。动词want.hope,wonder,think,intend等。
Did you want anything else?
1 wondered if you could helo me.
(4)used to/be used to
used to do:”过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Tom used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be usedto doing:对……已感到习惯,或”习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He{s used to a vegetarian diet.
Tom is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题
——Your phone number again?I——quite catch iL
——It’s 69568442, A,didn’t B,couldn’t C,don’t D,can’t
答案A,本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
(三)一般将来时
1)表示将来的动作或状态。2)表示将来的经常动作。 常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,in a few days,at theend of,the month等连用。注意一般将来时的另外几种形式:When will he be back?We shall go at once.
(1)“be going tn do’’表示“打算”、“计划”、“准备”做某事,还可表示根据现在的迹象将可能要发生某种情况。
1.There is going to be a lecture on poIlution next week.
2.Weare going to have a new subiect next term.
3.Look at the cloud, it is going/ likelv to rain.
(2)“he going’’表示按计划即将的动作,多与表示移动的动词go,come,arrive,leave,sajI,flv,move等连用。
He is leaving for Paris.
(3)“he to do”表示按计划或安排要做某事;was/wereto do表示曾经计划要做的事,或表示命中注定要发生的事;
“be about to do”表示即将发生的事,后面一般不跟时间状语。
We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
The train is about to start(后面一般不跟时间状语)
(四)过去将来时
过去将来时表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中。
1 was sure he would win. No oue knewwhen he was going to start.
(五)现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作;表示现阶段正在进行的动作。What is he doing now?I’m walking to school thesedays.
(2)常与副词always,forever,constantly等连用,表示反复出现或习惯动作,含有说话者的赞扬、不满、遗憾等情绪。He i8 constantly changing his mind,You’re alwaysmaking the same spelling mistakes.
(3)表示事物发展的过程。Winter has come,Tt’8 get-ting colder and colder.
(六)过去进行时
1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2)表示移动的动词:come,start,stay,leave,go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3)was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
这一特定的过去时间可用时间状语表示,也可由上下文暗示。 He was writing a letter when I came in.
t,He was doing his homework this time yesterday.
(七)现在完成时
(1)表示刚刚完成的动作,常与just连用。
(2)表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态,甚至延续到将来。常与since,for连用,但for,since不能与终止性的动词连用(终止性的动词:eome,go,start,leave,reaah,stop,open,close,begin,end,finish,kill,kick,knock,iump,die,takef拿走),give.put,throw,hring,get,eatch,receive,discover,seef看见),hear(听见).nod,enter等)
(3)表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与表示现在完成时连用的状语:iust,since,for some time,al-readv, yet, ever, never, often, several times, today, All day ,thisweek, lately, recently, in/daring the last/past week( few days), sofar, up to new, up to the present,before等。
1.He has just surfed on the Internet.
2.Everything has been fine so far.
3.He has lived here since he came here in 1990.
4. Have you ever read the book?
5.I think we’ ve met before.(牛津字典)
(八)过去完成时
(1)表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始并一直延续到这一时间。常与表示时间段的状语连用,如for,sinee,bv,until等。
1.By the end of last year,they had already finished the project,
2.Until then he had known nothin~about it yet,到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。
(2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前已经结束。
He had already been in the lab for ten minutes when I Kotthere.
(3)表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意阿。常与intend,expect,hope,want,wish,mean,suppose,think等词连用。
(九)现在完成进行时
(1)表示在某一段时间内正在进行的动作。She is vcrytried,She’s been typing al1 day.
(2)表示现在经常重复的动作。Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week.
(3)表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出的结论。This room stinks,Someone’s been smoking here.
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时与现在有联系,它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作,与现在没什么联系。2)现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为;一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
(十)将来完成时
表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成。常用时间状语“by 将来某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will havebecome college students,到明年这个时候,你们都成大学生了。
(十一)几种时态的替代问题
A:一般现在时代替将来时:除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外,表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如:Themuseum opens at ten tomorrow,博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
B:一般时代替完成时:句型“It is,was…since…”代替“It has been/had been…since…”
1.It is (= has been) five yearn sinee we last met.
2/It was(=had been) ten years since we had had such a won-derful time,我们10年没这么高兴了。
c:一般现在时代替进行时:在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如:Look,here comes Mr,Li
(一)一般现在时
(1)表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯。常用的状语有:often, sometimes, usually, every day等。如:Class begins at 8 o’ clock every morning.
(2)表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理。Lighttravels faster than sound,The earth moves around the sun.表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall,骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that tlie earth is round.
(3)表示按照计划、规定要发生的动作,句中都带有时间状语:(只限于是go,nome,leave,start,begin,stop,return,open.close等开始或移动意义的词。)His plane leaves at 10:00.
(4)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中。The momenthe arrives,I’ll tell him about it.
(5)在含宾语从句的复合句中。The children Were told inthe physics class that the moon moves round the sun.
(6)图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景。
(7)在某些到装句中,用一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作。Look out!Here comes a bus.
(二)一般过去时
1)表示过去的动作或状态。2)表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。3)叙述过去连续发生的事情。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:the other day,iastSunday/week,iust NOW(刚才),then,in the past,at that time,lastnight,yesterday,an heur ago,the other day,the year before last,{n1982等以及由连词when等引导的时间状语从句。It was theother day that T met him,He got hurt when he landed on the ground,
(1)句型.
It is time for sb,to do sth”到……时间了””该……一了”
It is time sb,did sth.
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed,你早该睡觉了。
(2)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
(3)Mrs,Darby lived in Kentncky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs,Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years;
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
(3)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。动词want.hope,wonder,think,intend等。
Did you want anything else?
1 wondered if you could helo me.
(4)used to/be used to
used to do:”过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Tom used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be usedto doing:对……已感到习惯,或”习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He{s used to a vegetarian diet.
Tom is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题
——Your phone number again?I——quite catch iL
——It’s 69568442, A,didn’t B,couldn’t C,don’t D,can’t
答案A,本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
(三)一般将来时
1)表示将来的动作或状态。2)表示将来的经常动作。 常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,in a few days,at theend of,the month等连用。注意一般将来时的另外几种形式:When will he be back?We shall go at once.
(1)“be going tn do’’表示“打算”、“计划”、“准备”做某事,还可表示根据现在的迹象将可能要发生某种情况。
1.There is going to be a lecture on poIlution next week.
2.Weare going to have a new subiect next term.
3.Look at the cloud, it is going/ likelv to rain.
(2)“he going’’表示按计划即将的动作,多与表示移动的动词go,come,arrive,leave,sajI,flv,move等连用。
He is leaving for Paris.
(3)“he to do”表示按计划或安排要做某事;was/wereto do表示曾经计划要做的事,或表示命中注定要发生的事;
“be about to do”表示即将发生的事,后面一般不跟时间状语。
We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
The train is about to start(后面一般不跟时间状语)
(四)过去将来时
过去将来时表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中。
1 was sure he would win. No oue knewwhen he was going to start.
(五)现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作;表示现阶段正在进行的动作。What is he doing now?I’m walking to school thesedays.
(2)常与副词always,forever,constantly等连用,表示反复出现或习惯动作,含有说话者的赞扬、不满、遗憾等情绪。He i8 constantly changing his mind,You’re alwaysmaking the same spelling mistakes.
(3)表示事物发展的过程。Winter has come,Tt’8 get-ting colder and colder.
(六)过去进行时
1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2)表示移动的动词:come,start,stay,leave,go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3)was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
这一特定的过去时间可用时间状语表示,也可由上下文暗示。 He was writing a letter when I came in.
t,He was doing his homework this time yesterday.
(七)现在完成时
(1)表示刚刚完成的动作,常与just连用。
(2)表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态,甚至延续到将来。常与since,for连用,但for,since不能与终止性的动词连用(终止性的动词:eome,go,start,leave,reaah,stop,open,close,begin,end,finish,kill,kick,knock,iump,die,takef拿走),give.put,throw,hring,get,eatch,receive,discover,seef看见),hear(听见).nod,enter等)
(3)表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与表示现在完成时连用的状语:iust,since,for some time,al-readv, yet, ever, never, often, several times, today, All day ,thisweek, lately, recently, in/daring the last/past week( few days), sofar, up to new, up to the present,before等。
1.He has just surfed on the Internet.
2.Everything has been fine so far.
3.He has lived here since he came here in 1990.
4. Have you ever read the book?
5.I think we’ ve met before.(牛津字典)
(八)过去完成时
(1)表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始并一直延续到这一时间。常与表示时间段的状语连用,如for,sinee,bv,until等。
1.By the end of last year,they had already finished the project,
2.Until then he had known nothin~about it yet,到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。
(2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前已经结束。
He had already been in the lab for ten minutes when I Kotthere.
(3)表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意阿。常与intend,expect,hope,want,wish,mean,suppose,think等词连用。
(九)现在完成进行时
(1)表示在某一段时间内正在进行的动作。She is vcrytried,She’s been typing al1 day.
(2)表示现在经常重复的动作。Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week.
(3)表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出的结论。This room stinks,Someone’s been smoking here.
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时与现在有联系,它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作,与现在没什么联系。2)现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为;一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
(十)将来完成时
表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成。常用时间状语“by 将来某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will havebecome college students,到明年这个时候,你们都成大学生了。
(十一)几种时态的替代问题
A:一般现在时代替将来时:除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外,表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如:Themuseum opens at ten tomorrow,博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
B:一般时代替完成时:句型“It is,was…since…”代替“It has been/had been…since…”
1.It is (= has been) five yearn sinee we last met.
2/It was(=had been) ten years since we had had such a won-derful time,我们10年没这么高兴了。
c:一般现在时代替进行时:在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如:Look,here comes Mr,Li