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摘要:“语法填空”考点综合性强,覆盖面广,注重基础,该题型取代了之前的单项选择题,对考生提出了更高的要求,在高考中属考查考生综合运用英语语言能力的题型,在考试中,学生可以得一部分分数,但是却不容易拿到高分。把握好该题型,考生不仅要具备扎实的语言基础和语法分析能力,还要总结出一套适合自己的解题技巧或规律。本文是笔者近几年对高中英语语法填空的教学心得。
关键词:高考、英语、语法填空、解题技巧
一、考查意义及要求
语法填空又称为开放式语篇填空,这一题型的测试是从语法的句子结构与语法形式、词汇的本义和转义以及前后缀的变化、语境语篇的线索以及标志词等方面测试学生的整体语篇能力。这种命题形式将过去以句子为核心的语法单项选择变成以语篇为核心的语法填空。这一转变体现了新课改由语法知识到语法技能的语法教学观念的转变,以及当今高考英语改革的趋势:突出语篇,强调在语篇中测试学生的英语语言知识和技能,云南省高考自2014年起涉及到该题型。
根据2014年课标全国卷考试大纲语法填空的样题要求,深度剖析语法填空的考点以帮助教师和学生找到相应的备考策略。根据考试大纲对语法考查的重点和难点,分别从动词不定式、动名词、分词、形容词、副词、名词性从句、定语从句、时态、语态、虚拟语气、情态动词、代词、介词和名词分别加以热身练习、知识透析与强化练习来夯实考查的重难点。
二、考查内容及形式
语篇型语法填空题的满分为15分,其形式为在一篇200词左右的语篇(全国卷3基本上是以短文形式出现,其他省市会出现对话形式)中留出10处空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式,所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识,如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。
5、不给提示词,主要填写介词、连词、冠词、代词或从句的引导词。
三、近几年高考语法填空真题再现及特点分析(仅选取云南省用卷)
(一)真题再现
(2019全国卷3)On our way to the house, it was raining 41._________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 42._______(get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 43.________ dogs, seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters 44.________ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 45._________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.For breakfast, we were able to eat papaya (木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 46._________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many 47.________(tradition) stories about Hawai that were 48._______ (huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of our week long stay, we49._______ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, 50.__________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
参考答案:
41.so;42.to get;43.of;44.who,45.recommended;46.competition;47.traditional;
48.hugely;49.were invited;50.listening
考點呈现:1固定搭配. 2.固定句型中的非谓语动词 3.固定搭配中的介词, 4.定语从句 5.时态,6.动词转化为名词 7.名词转化为形容词,8.形容词转化为副词, 9.时态语态, 10.非谓语动词.
(二)特点分析
从近年的高考真题中不难看出,语法填空的考查点不外乎词性转换,动词时态语态和非谓语动语,可数名词的复数,固定搭配中的介词或冠词,从句中的关系词等。
四、答题策略
(一)第一类,没有提示词
技巧一:固定搭配结构。
根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语,但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。 例:The children were playing on the ground,enjoying____,dirty but happy.
从句中的happy可以 猜出孩子们是开心的,所以应用enjoy oneself短语,故其答案为themselves。
技巧二:从句引导词。
从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向,主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度,名词性从句和定语从句都要做为复习的重点。
例:He did not done_____his father had asked him to do.
审题可知,横线所在为宾语从句的引导词,此引导词在从旬中充当宾语,且指物,所以是what。
技巧三:介词短语结构。
短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语,此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例:The us consists____fifty states.
根据常识可知,美国由50个州组成,故横线处与前一词组合,表示“由......组成”,所以答案是of。
技巧四:连词、关联短语结构。
And, or, but, while(注意与when的区别),however, so, for(因为),then, therefore, otherwise ,both…and…(两者都…),not only….but also…(不但…而且….)too...to...(太...而不能...).
例:Little Wang Jun could not go to school,_____his family was too poor.
此处表示原因,引导的分句其实是一种解释说明,不是必然的因果關系,且前面有逗号隔开,所以填for。
技巧五:冠词、介词和常用的副词。
冠词只能是在a,an,the之间判断;常用的介词有in,at,on,before,during,behind,for,等,通常考查固定搭配;副词的量还是比较多,如:however,never,yet,much等。
例:Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法,
答案为a,构成at a high speed,“以高速”开车。
(二)第二类,有提示词
技巧六:名词形式变化
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例:There are many students living at school,the _____ (child) houses are all far from schoo1.
由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数,且作为houses的定语,所以应用其所有格形式,故答案为child的复合变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。
技巧七:词的派生。
词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的,派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。
例:Lious lost his wallet yesterday,So he was very____(happiness).
在这道题中,学生很容易判断出该用形容词;钱包丢了,人应该是不开心的,所以要再加个前缀un,就成了unhappy。
总之,解答语法填空题的过程中,首先要通读全文,理解大意,然后分析句子,确定词性,接着根据语义,确定词形,最后检查搭配,前后连贯,归根结底就是寻找依据,每一个语法填空的空格里所需的词或短语都可以在句子中或上下文中找到它的依据。
关键词:高考、英语、语法填空、解题技巧
一、考查意义及要求
语法填空又称为开放式语篇填空,这一题型的测试是从语法的句子结构与语法形式、词汇的本义和转义以及前后缀的变化、语境语篇的线索以及标志词等方面测试学生的整体语篇能力。这种命题形式将过去以句子为核心的语法单项选择变成以语篇为核心的语法填空。这一转变体现了新课改由语法知识到语法技能的语法教学观念的转变,以及当今高考英语改革的趋势:突出语篇,强调在语篇中测试学生的英语语言知识和技能,云南省高考自2014年起涉及到该题型。
根据2014年课标全国卷考试大纲语法填空的样题要求,深度剖析语法填空的考点以帮助教师和学生找到相应的备考策略。根据考试大纲对语法考查的重点和难点,分别从动词不定式、动名词、分词、形容词、副词、名词性从句、定语从句、时态、语态、虚拟语气、情态动词、代词、介词和名词分别加以热身练习、知识透析与强化练习来夯实考查的重难点。
二、考查内容及形式
语篇型语法填空题的满分为15分,其形式为在一篇200词左右的语篇(全国卷3基本上是以短文形式出现,其他省市会出现对话形式)中留出10处空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式,所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识,如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。
5、不给提示词,主要填写介词、连词、冠词、代词或从句的引导词。
三、近几年高考语法填空真题再现及特点分析(仅选取云南省用卷)
(一)真题再现
(2019全国卷3)On our way to the house, it was raining 41._________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 42._______(get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 43.________ dogs, seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters 44.________ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 45._________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.For breakfast, we were able to eat papaya (木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 46._________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many 47.________(tradition) stories about Hawai that were 48._______ (huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of our week long stay, we49._______ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, 50.__________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
参考答案:
41.so;42.to get;43.of;44.who,45.recommended;46.competition;47.traditional;
48.hugely;49.were invited;50.listening
考點呈现:1固定搭配. 2.固定句型中的非谓语动词 3.固定搭配中的介词, 4.定语从句 5.时态,6.动词转化为名词 7.名词转化为形容词,8.形容词转化为副词, 9.时态语态, 10.非谓语动词.
(二)特点分析
从近年的高考真题中不难看出,语法填空的考查点不外乎词性转换,动词时态语态和非谓语动语,可数名词的复数,固定搭配中的介词或冠词,从句中的关系词等。
四、答题策略
(一)第一类,没有提示词
技巧一:固定搭配结构。
根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语,但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。 例:The children were playing on the ground,enjoying____,dirty but happy.
从句中的happy可以 猜出孩子们是开心的,所以应用enjoy oneself短语,故其答案为themselves。
技巧二:从句引导词。
从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向,主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度,名词性从句和定语从句都要做为复习的重点。
例:He did not done_____his father had asked him to do.
审题可知,横线所在为宾语从句的引导词,此引导词在从旬中充当宾语,且指物,所以是what。
技巧三:介词短语结构。
短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语,此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例:The us consists____fifty states.
根据常识可知,美国由50个州组成,故横线处与前一词组合,表示“由......组成”,所以答案是of。
技巧四:连词、关联短语结构。
And, or, but, while(注意与when的区别),however, so, for(因为),then, therefore, otherwise ,both…and…(两者都…),not only….but also…(不但…而且….)too...to...(太...而不能...).
例:Little Wang Jun could not go to school,_____his family was too poor.
此处表示原因,引导的分句其实是一种解释说明,不是必然的因果關系,且前面有逗号隔开,所以填for。
技巧五:冠词、介词和常用的副词。
冠词只能是在a,an,the之间判断;常用的介词有in,at,on,before,during,behind,for,等,通常考查固定搭配;副词的量还是比较多,如:however,never,yet,much等。
例:Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法,
答案为a,构成at a high speed,“以高速”开车。
(二)第二类,有提示词
技巧六:名词形式变化
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例:There are many students living at school,the _____ (child) houses are all far from schoo1.
由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数,且作为houses的定语,所以应用其所有格形式,故答案为child的复合变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。
技巧七:词的派生。
词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的,派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。
例:Lious lost his wallet yesterday,So he was very____(happiness).
在这道题中,学生很容易判断出该用形容词;钱包丢了,人应该是不开心的,所以要再加个前缀un,就成了unhappy。
总之,解答语法填空题的过程中,首先要通读全文,理解大意,然后分析句子,确定词性,接着根据语义,确定词形,最后检查搭配,前后连贯,归根结底就是寻找依据,每一个语法填空的空格里所需的词或短语都可以在句子中或上下文中找到它的依据。