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摘 要:高考英语短文改错的文章题材多采用记叙文文体,偶尔也有说明文和应用文,囊括了从词法、句法到语篇各方面的易错点,错误点主要包括词汇、短语、句型和语法,并兼顾语篇。平时的教学中,教师应在弄清命题的思路和掌握做题技巧的基础上,帮助学生夯实语法知识,扩大词汇量,掌握固定搭配,熟记惯用句型,同时注意行文逻辑,从整体上把握文章。
关键词:短文改错;规范答题
高考英语短文改错的文章取材类似于学生习作,错误点多是学生在写作时常犯的错误,词数为100左右,多采用记叙文文体,偶尔也有说明文和应用文,囊括了从词法、句法到语篇各方面的易错点,具有题型小、灵活性大、覆盖面广、综合性强、测试层次多的特點。短文改错主要考查学生在语篇层面的纠错能力,检测学生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性,错误点主要包括词汇、短语、句型和语法,并兼顾语篇。想要得分很容易,可是想要得高分甚至是满分就要求学生不仅有一定的语言基本功,还要有火眼金睛,能从细节入手,剥茧抽丝,层层深入。
下面笔者将分别从词法、句法及行文逻辑三个方面来分析历年来高考短文改错的题型设置。
1.词法的考查
1 . 1 名词
考点涉及名词的单复数及名词的固定搭配:(全国卷)He is on good term with me.(term改为terms,固定搭配:be on good terms with ... 与……关系良好。)
常考高频名词包括: 不可数名词( a i r、knowledge、luggage、advice、furniture、clothing、fun、information、news、progress、traffic、trouble、weather、advice等),单复数同形的词(means、works、sheep、deer等),可具体化的抽象名词(surprise、knowledge、success、failure、pleasure、interest、joy、help、honor、exercise等),一词多义的名词(work 工作作品/著作、paper 报纸/文件、time 时间倍数/次数/一段时光、light光/灯、chicken 鸡肉/小鸡等。
1 . 2 代词
考点涉及人称代词的前后一致性,人称代词的主格与宾格的变化,某些不定代词的用法,代词在某些习语中的使用等。
1 . 3 介词
考点主要涉及介词的基本用法,误加介词,漏加介词及介词在习语中的使用:(全国卷) When I have free time, I go a long walk(go与a之间加介词for,习惯用语“go for a walk”意为“去散步”。)
常考固定搭配:on the ground、in the yard、with the development of、with the help of、on the basis of、have a talent for、adapt to、make fun of、have access to、hear from、be dying to、be aware of、on the second floor、in the countryside等。
1 . 4 冠词
考点主要涉及冠词的误加和漏用及冠词在习语中的使用:(全国卷)Today I visited the Smiths——my first visit to a American family.(a改为an。)
1 . 5 形容词及副词的考查
主要考点是形容词及副词比较级的错用以及形容词与副词的混用:
(四川卷)He had time for a properly breakfast and was still the first to reach the factory.(properly改为proper, 因breakfast 是名词,要用形容词来修饰。)
(全国卷)I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.(little 改为less, 副词的比较级修饰aggressive.)
高频词包括:steady steadily, terrible terribly, helpful helpfully, interesting interested interestingly, popular popularly, free freely, serious seriously等。
1 . 6 非谓语动词
考生需关注有无不定式符号to,介词后动名词的使用及作主语的非谓语动词的使用:(全国卷)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(第一個play改为playing, 因为做主语要用动名词。)
2.句法的考查
高考短文改错文章的话题大多与学生生活戚戚相关,使得学生很容易进入到文章提供的情境中去,所使用的句子以简单句为主,复合句和并列句为辅,重点考查句子的完整性、对等性和逻辑性。考生应从简单句的时态、语态及主谓一致入手,研究复合句的连词使用是否正确,再不断回忆一些固定句式,把错误各个击破。
2 . 1 动词的时态、语态及主谓一致
纵观历年高考,动词的时态、语态以及主谓一致几乎是短文改错中必考的考点,常出现一般现在时和一般过去时的互改,以及动词的谓语与非谓语形式的改动以及第三人称单数。 (全国卷)I will write again and send you the photos we take together.(把take改为took, 根据语境判断此句为一般过去时)
2 . 2 正确使用复合句的连接词
(全国卷)Thank you for telling me something which you have seen and heard in the USA.(which改為that, 本句考查定语从句的关系代词。)
备考常用句型:
(1)My uncle is the owner of restaurant close to where I live.
(2)My classmates and I are talking about what to do during the holiday.
(3)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found that his parents were missing.
(4)There are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.
(5)In fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.
(6)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
(7)But before long they began to see what was happening.
(8)I was at the Shanghai railway station buying a ticket to Hangzhou.
(9)On the box was a card saying: “25 cents each.”
(10)I think I’d email you and let you know how things are going.
(11)We would be grateful if you could join us that day.
2 . 3 行文邏辑
考生应利用首尾段及段首句寻找文章的脉络和线索,整体上把握文章,做到胸有成竹。紧紧围绕几个一致性: 时态的一致性,逻辑关系的一致性,人称代词的一致性及说话对象的一致性。切实把握转折、并列、因果等关系的运用。
(江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... (apologize改为apologized,根据上下文时态的一致性。)
综上所述,针对高考短文改错的特点,在弄清命题的思路和掌握做题技巧的基础上,教师应帮助学生在平时的学习中夯实语法知识,扩大词汇量,掌握固定搭配,熟记惯用句型。笔者通常通过以下几种方式训练学生做题能力:(1)强化句子乃至文章的默写训练。(2) 要求学生每周一次互改作文的活动。(3) 鼓励学生根据短文改错命题规律把贴近生活的文章改为改错练习题,互相检测。最后,培养学生平和细致的心态,养成良好的习惯,规范答题的能力,这样考生便能知己知彼,百战不殆。
参考文献
陈咏梅.2016.贴近学生生活,增强开放空间——2015年高考英语书面表达命题特点及其对教学的启示[J].疯狂英语·教学版(3).
关键词:短文改错;规范答题
高考英语短文改错的文章取材类似于学生习作,错误点多是学生在写作时常犯的错误,词数为100左右,多采用记叙文文体,偶尔也有说明文和应用文,囊括了从词法、句法到语篇各方面的易错点,具有题型小、灵活性大、覆盖面广、综合性强、测试层次多的特點。短文改错主要考查学生在语篇层面的纠错能力,检测学生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性,错误点主要包括词汇、短语、句型和语法,并兼顾语篇。想要得分很容易,可是想要得高分甚至是满分就要求学生不仅有一定的语言基本功,还要有火眼金睛,能从细节入手,剥茧抽丝,层层深入。
下面笔者将分别从词法、句法及行文逻辑三个方面来分析历年来高考短文改错的题型设置。
1.词法的考查
1 . 1 名词
考点涉及名词的单复数及名词的固定搭配:(全国卷)He is on good term with me.(term改为terms,固定搭配:be on good terms with ... 与……关系良好。)
常考高频名词包括: 不可数名词( a i r、knowledge、luggage、advice、furniture、clothing、fun、information、news、progress、traffic、trouble、weather、advice等),单复数同形的词(means、works、sheep、deer等),可具体化的抽象名词(surprise、knowledge、success、failure、pleasure、interest、joy、help、honor、exercise等),一词多义的名词(work 工作作品/著作、paper 报纸/文件、time 时间倍数/次数/一段时光、light光/灯、chicken 鸡肉/小鸡等。
1 . 2 代词
考点涉及人称代词的前后一致性,人称代词的主格与宾格的变化,某些不定代词的用法,代词在某些习语中的使用等。
1 . 3 介词
考点主要涉及介词的基本用法,误加介词,漏加介词及介词在习语中的使用:(全国卷) When I have free time, I go a long walk(go与a之间加介词for,习惯用语“go for a walk”意为“去散步”。)
常考固定搭配:on the ground、in the yard、with the development of、with the help of、on the basis of、have a talent for、adapt to、make fun of、have access to、hear from、be dying to、be aware of、on the second floor、in the countryside等。
1 . 4 冠词
考点主要涉及冠词的误加和漏用及冠词在习语中的使用:(全国卷)Today I visited the Smiths——my first visit to a American family.(a改为an。)
1 . 5 形容词及副词的考查
主要考点是形容词及副词比较级的错用以及形容词与副词的混用:
(四川卷)He had time for a properly breakfast and was still the first to reach the factory.(properly改为proper, 因breakfast 是名词,要用形容词来修饰。)
(全国卷)I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.(little 改为less, 副词的比较级修饰aggressive.)
高频词包括:steady steadily, terrible terribly, helpful helpfully, interesting interested interestingly, popular popularly, free freely, serious seriously等。
1 . 6 非谓语动词
考生需关注有无不定式符号to,介词后动名词的使用及作主语的非谓语动词的使用:(全国卷)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(第一個play改为playing, 因为做主语要用动名词。)
2.句法的考查
高考短文改错文章的话题大多与学生生活戚戚相关,使得学生很容易进入到文章提供的情境中去,所使用的句子以简单句为主,复合句和并列句为辅,重点考查句子的完整性、对等性和逻辑性。考生应从简单句的时态、语态及主谓一致入手,研究复合句的连词使用是否正确,再不断回忆一些固定句式,把错误各个击破。
2 . 1 动词的时态、语态及主谓一致
纵观历年高考,动词的时态、语态以及主谓一致几乎是短文改错中必考的考点,常出现一般现在时和一般过去时的互改,以及动词的谓语与非谓语形式的改动以及第三人称单数。 (全国卷)I will write again and send you the photos we take together.(把take改为took, 根据语境判断此句为一般过去时)
2 . 2 正确使用复合句的连接词
(全国卷)Thank you for telling me something which you have seen and heard in the USA.(which改為that, 本句考查定语从句的关系代词。)
备考常用句型:
(1)My uncle is the owner of restaurant close to where I live.
(2)My classmates and I are talking about what to do during the holiday.
(3)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found that his parents were missing.
(4)There are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.
(5)In fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.
(6)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
(7)But before long they began to see what was happening.
(8)I was at the Shanghai railway station buying a ticket to Hangzhou.
(9)On the box was a card saying: “25 cents each.”
(10)I think I’d email you and let you know how things are going.
(11)We would be grateful if you could join us that day.
2 . 3 行文邏辑
考生应利用首尾段及段首句寻找文章的脉络和线索,整体上把握文章,做到胸有成竹。紧紧围绕几个一致性: 时态的一致性,逻辑关系的一致性,人称代词的一致性及说话对象的一致性。切实把握转折、并列、因果等关系的运用。
(江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... (apologize改为apologized,根据上下文时态的一致性。)
综上所述,针对高考短文改错的特点,在弄清命题的思路和掌握做题技巧的基础上,教师应帮助学生在平时的学习中夯实语法知识,扩大词汇量,掌握固定搭配,熟记惯用句型。笔者通常通过以下几种方式训练学生做题能力:(1)强化句子乃至文章的默写训练。(2) 要求学生每周一次互改作文的活动。(3) 鼓励学生根据短文改错命题规律把贴近生活的文章改为改错练习题,互相检测。最后,培养学生平和细致的心态,养成良好的习惯,规范答题的能力,这样考生便能知己知彼,百战不殆。
参考文献
陈咏梅.2016.贴近学生生活,增强开放空间——2015年高考英语书面表达命题特点及其对教学的启示[J].疯狂英语·教学版(3).