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一、定语从句的定义
定语从句,即形容词性质的从句,用来修饰一个句子当中的主语、宾语。定语从句必备的三要素分别为先行词、关系代词以及关系副词。先行词为定语从句所修饰的名词;关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语;关系副词替代先行词在定语从句中作状语。
总之,先行词可以在定语从句中作主语、宾语或状语。若定语从句中缺主语、宾语则用关系代词替代它;若主语和宾语都齐全则就用关系副词替代先行词。
二、定语从句的类型
定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。简单地说,这二者的区别就是非限定性定语从句的先行词和其定语从句之间用逗号隔开。
三、定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
限定性定语从句的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等。that代替人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;which代替物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who只能代替人,在从句中作主语;whom只能代替人,在从句中作宾语。这四个关系代词单独在从句中作主语或宾语。whose代替人或物,它加上不带冠词的名词在从句中作主语,它表示从句的主语和先行词为附属关系。例如,The house whose windows are shut is my uncle's.若从句的主语部分出现了冠词,再表示主语和先行词的附属关系就用of which。例如,The house of which the window faces to south is my uncle's.
限定性定语从句的关系副词有why、where、when,它们都等于介词+which,其中why等于for+which,且它有唯一的先行词reason;当先行词point、situation、case、stage等在从句中作状语时用关系副词where替代。例如,He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.当先行词occasion、period在从句中作状语时用关系副词when替代。
非限定性定语从句的关系代词为which、who、whom、whose,其用法与限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法一致。非限定性定语从句的关系副词与限定性定语从句的关系副词相同。值得一提的是which在非限定性定语从句中既可以替代先行词又可以替代整个主句。
四、关系代词that
1.非限定性定语从句中不能用that作关系代词。
2.介词不能和关系代词that一起使用。
3.限定性定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况(经常考的几种情况)包括:
(1)当先行词为不定代词all、little、everything、nothing、none等词时。例如,That's everything that is needed.
(2)当先行词是形容词最高级或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。例如,This is the best place that I have ever seen.
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时。例如,The students and the school that we visited are good.
五、定语从句应注意的几个问题
1.“介词+关系代词”既能引导限定性定语从句又能引导非限定性定语从句。当先行词指物的名词时,关系代词用which;当先行词是指人的名词时,关系代词用whom;此时介词要根据先行词或从句的谓语动词或从句的形容词来确定。例如,I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.(有纪念意义的一天或具体的一天用介词on)
2.way(方式,方法)作先行词时其后的定语从句用that、in which引导,也可以将这两者都省略。例如,I don’t like the way(that/in which)he treats you.
3.定语从句的谓语要和先行词保持一致
(1)one of +复数名词+关系代词+谓语复数。例如,She is one of the teenagers who like swimming.
(2)the (only) one of +复数名词+关系代词+谓语单数。例如,He is the only one of the boys in Class 3 who doesn't like playing football.
定语从句,即形容词性质的从句,用来修饰一个句子当中的主语、宾语。定语从句必备的三要素分别为先行词、关系代词以及关系副词。先行词为定语从句所修饰的名词;关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语;关系副词替代先行词在定语从句中作状语。
总之,先行词可以在定语从句中作主语、宾语或状语。若定语从句中缺主语、宾语则用关系代词替代它;若主语和宾语都齐全则就用关系副词替代先行词。
二、定语从句的类型
定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。简单地说,这二者的区别就是非限定性定语从句的先行词和其定语从句之间用逗号隔开。
三、定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
限定性定语从句的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等。that代替人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;which代替物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who只能代替人,在从句中作主语;whom只能代替人,在从句中作宾语。这四个关系代词单独在从句中作主语或宾语。whose代替人或物,它加上不带冠词的名词在从句中作主语,它表示从句的主语和先行词为附属关系。例如,The house whose windows are shut is my uncle's.若从句的主语部分出现了冠词,再表示主语和先行词的附属关系就用of which。例如,The house of which the window faces to south is my uncle's.
限定性定语从句的关系副词有why、where、when,它们都等于介词+which,其中why等于for+which,且它有唯一的先行词reason;当先行词point、situation、case、stage等在从句中作状语时用关系副词where替代。例如,He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.当先行词occasion、period在从句中作状语时用关系副词when替代。
非限定性定语从句的关系代词为which、who、whom、whose,其用法与限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法一致。非限定性定语从句的关系副词与限定性定语从句的关系副词相同。值得一提的是which在非限定性定语从句中既可以替代先行词又可以替代整个主句。
四、关系代词that
1.非限定性定语从句中不能用that作关系代词。
2.介词不能和关系代词that一起使用。
3.限定性定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况(经常考的几种情况)包括:
(1)当先行词为不定代词all、little、everything、nothing、none等词时。例如,That's everything that is needed.
(2)当先行词是形容词最高级或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。例如,This is the best place that I have ever seen.
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时。例如,The students and the school that we visited are good.
五、定语从句应注意的几个问题
1.“介词+关系代词”既能引导限定性定语从句又能引导非限定性定语从句。当先行词指物的名词时,关系代词用which;当先行词是指人的名词时,关系代词用whom;此时介词要根据先行词或从句的谓语动词或从句的形容词来确定。例如,I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.(有纪念意义的一天或具体的一天用介词on)
2.way(方式,方法)作先行词时其后的定语从句用that、in which引导,也可以将这两者都省略。例如,I don’t like the way(that/in which)he treats you.
3.定语从句的谓语要和先行词保持一致
(1)one of +复数名词+关系代词+谓语复数。例如,She is one of the teenagers who like swimming.
(2)the (only) one of +复数名词+关系代词+谓语单数。例如,He is the only one of the boys in Class 3 who doesn't like playing football.