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1492年至1914年间,欧洲人征服了全球84%的袤土,建立起多处殖民地,把势力范围扩张到每一块有人类居住的大陆,但这并非不可避免。事实上,历史学家、社会科学家及生物学家在过去几十年以来一直心存疑问:在当时亚洲和中东社会都更为发达的情况下,欧洲为什么能够崛起,又是凭借何种方式称霸全球的呢?[2]迄今为止,尚未找到令人满意的答案。但是,解决这一问题却至关重要,因为当时由谁从事奴隶贸易,是财运亨通还是贫困潦倒,归根到底都是由欧洲霸权决定的。[3]人们或许认为,欧洲处于主宰地位的原因显而易见:首先,欧洲最先步入工业化;其次,欧洲人对天花等疾
From 1492 to 1914, Europeans conquered 84% of the world’s vast land, established colonies and expanded their sphere of influence to every land where human beings live, but this is not inevitable. In fact, historians, social scientists and biologists have been in doubt for decades as to why Europe was able to rise and how to dominate it at a time when the Asian and Middle Eastern societies were more developed Globally? [2] So far, no satisfactory answer has been found yet. However, it is of crucial importance to solve this problem because at that time, it was the European hegemony that determines who is engaged in the slave trade and whether it is wealthy or impoverished. [3] People may think that the reason why Europe dominates is obvious: first, Europe first entered the industrialization; secondly, Europeans and other diseases of smallpox