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摘 要:本文分析了英文诗的人文性和艺术性特点及其在提升学生的人文素养,激发学生的英语学习兴趣等方面的突出作用,并结合具体案例探究了英文诗创作与欣赏在高中英语语法教学中的创新运用与实践。
关键词:英文诗创作;语法教学
引言
《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》的语言知识目标中对于语法有明确要求,要求学生能使用适当的形式描述事物,简单地表达观点、态度或情感等。这就明确了语法教学的目的是语用。同时也明确了语法教学的三个维度:形式(form)、意义(meaning)和运用(use),并且在教学中要使三者有效地结合,尽可能做到语法结构知识与功能知识并重,使学生既了解语言形式,又知道它的表意功能,并且能够在交际中恰当地、有效地加以运用。而目前的高中语法教学偏重于形式,忽略意义和运用,同时把语法知识的教学和其他知识和技能的教学隔离开来孤立进行,导致语法教学失去了趣味性和实践性,更失去了培养学生想象力和创造性的育人功能。笔者尝试把英文诗的创作与欣赏与语法教学活动结合,将英语教学的知识性、趣味性和文学性、艺术性融为一体。
诗是一种词语凝练、结构跳跃、富有节奏和韵律、高度集中地反映生活和表达思想感情的文学体裁(童庆炳, 2004)。英文诗,当属文学的范畴。它有明显的节奏,大多数英文诗押韵,使诗歌和谐、优美、富于音乐感,给读者感官上的满足感,使读者在朗读的过程中产生美的共鸣。英语诗强烈的韵律美、节奏美和意境美,使人领略英语诗的魅力,享受诗歌美的审美乐趣。英语诗语言凝练,寓意深刻,同时以其细致严谨的结构,描境状物,抒情言志,赞美讽喻,达人策己,可以砥砺师生意志,陶冶师生情操(高安柱,2012)。
人教版教材选修六第二单元的主课文专门介绍了几种简单的英文诗,其中除五行诗以外,清单诗、副词诗以及自由诗都是具有一定文法结构的句子组成。其中清单诗和副词诗具有句式不断重复的特点,因此这类英文诗的创作在语法教学中不仅能够起到巩固强化的作用,帮助学生形成语感,更重要的是在知识与生活之间架起了一座桥梁,让学生充分地运用英语表达内心的情感与思想,让他们感受到语言的魅力和生活的浪漫与美好!
英文诗在高中英语语法教学中的运用与实践
1. 结合阅读教学
教材的单元整体设计使得阅读文本给单元的语法教学提供了充分的语言材料,如何有效地搭建起阅读文本与语法教学之间桥梁,是单元整体教学的重要一环。笔者在人教版教材必修一第五单元的基于阅读文本理解的英文诗创作教学设计就起到了很好的连接作用。
必修一第五单元的话题为“当代英雄纳尔逊·曼德拉”,主课文“Elias’Story” 以伊莱亚斯的口吻叙述了曼德拉对他的帮助及影响,反映了曼德拉的伟人品质,同时也渗透了伊莱亚斯对曼德拉的深厚感情。本单元的语法项目为关系副词及介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。阅读文本中提供了很多相关语法的语言材料。本教学设计主要是阅读教学进行后的复习关系代词引导的定语从句,学习介词+关系代词引导的定语从句的语法教学。
首先让学生运用下面的定语从句结构,以清单诗的形式归纳总结阅读文本的两个主要人物Elias和Nelson Mandela的特点。(横线空格填形容词)
Elias was a _________ person(worker, boy…) who/that/whose…
Nelson Mandela was a ____________ person(leader, politician…) who/that/ whose…
学生作品如下:
清单诗一:
Who is Elias?
He was a poor black worker who had very little education.
He was a poor boy whose parents couldn’t afford to educate him.
He was a young man who became more hopeful with Mandela’s help.
He was the League member who was loyal to Mandela.
He was a young man who fought for the black people’s rights.
清单诗二:
Nelson Mandela in Elias’ Eyes
He was a kind lawyer who offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problem.
He was an ambitious man who organized the ANC Youth League.
He was a generous man who devoted lots of time to helping black people.
He was a wise politician who had great insight into the social problems.
He was an intelligent leader who chose to fight in a peaceful way first and then violence.
He was a great hero who inspired so many people to follow him.
He was a great leader Elias admired so much. 以上环节既强化了学生对阅读篇章的题解,培养了学生归纳总结的思维能力,又对关系代词引导的定语从句进行了复习,为下一步的介词+关系代词做了铺垫。
随后,教师鼓励学生从文中找出介词+关系代词的定语从句,如下:
The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people.
We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important or fight the government.
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
Mandela was generous with his time, for which Elias was grateful.
学生理解意义及与关系代词引导的定语从句关系,并通过最后一句“Mandela was generous with his time, for which Elias was grateful.”引出以下两个定语从句:
Mandela was a great leader to whom Elias was grateful.
Mandela was a kind lawyer without whom Elias couldn’t have stayed in Johannesburg.
之后学生通过观察提炼出以下三个语法结构:
Somebody does/did something, for which I am/was grateful.
Somebody is/was a… to whom I am/ was grateful.
Somebody is/was a… without whom I couldn’t have done something.
本学习阶段正值感恩节来临之际,因此学生的英文诗创作任务是运用以上结构创作一首题为 “Thanks to…”的英文诗。学生作品之一如下:
Thanks to my English Teacher
My English teacher teaches me to write poems and stories of my own,
For which I am grateful.
She encourages me to learn English in many interesting ways,
For which I am grateful.
She always writes inspiring words and helpful comments on my homework,
For which I am grateful.
She is strict with us yet loving and caring in life,
For which I am grateful.
She is an excellent teacher, without whom I couldn’t have enjoyed English so much.
She is one of the greatest mentors in my life, without whom I couldn’t have been so hopeful for my future life!
She is the person to whom I am grateful forever!
如此感人的真情流露是对英语教学意义的最好阐释!英文诗,它让语法学习更加浪漫,让语法知识充满情感!它是师生情感交流的最好平台!
2. 结合节假日主题
语法教学中的时态是重点也是难点,过度讲解是语法教学的普遍病症。其实时态是描述生活中事件发生的时间及状态,因此把时态的教学与生活中的事件联系在一起学习才能赋予语法学习实际意义。笔者采用英文诗创作这一形式把语法学习与节假日结合,从而实现语法教学的真正意义。
在必修一第三单元学习现在进行时表将来这一语法项目时,正值北京由于APEC会议的召开放假6天(2014年11月7日至11月12日),在放假前笔者设计了这一节语法课,学生通过完成一首清单诗和一首副词诗来学习理解和运用现在进行时表将来已做安排的个人计划这一语法项目。主要教学过程如下:
(1)学生填写表1中间一栏,完成自己假期的计划安排(见下页表 1)。
(2)学生两人一组互相提问了解对方假期安排并把关键信息填入表1的第三栏(见下页表1)。
—What are you doing on November…?—I am doing…
(3)学生创作一首题为“Her/His______ holiday”(横线填一形容词)的一清单诗来描述同伴的假期,基本格式如下:
Her _______ Holiday!
She is doing…on November 7th,
She is doing…
…
She will have a ________ holiday!
(4)学生结合假期和单元话题(第三单元话题为“旅行”)创作一首题为“My Dream Trip”的副词诗。内容由以下旅行的基本要素组成: Where are you going for your holiday?
Who are you going with?
How are you going there?
What are you doing there?
Where are you staying?
How long are you staying?
When are you returning?
创作的副词诗基本形式如下(重复副词Happily只是参考,学生可以使用其他副词):
My Dream Trip
Happily I am going … for my holiday,
Happily I am going with…
…
Happily …
学生的作品见表2。
第一首诗是高中生假期休息与学习生活的再现,第二首诗是学生丰富想象力的代表。
除假期外,一些重要的节日也是重要的学习契机。必修二第二、三、四单元的语法项目分别为将来时和完成时的被动语态,学习阶段正好是新年元旦即将来临,笔者结合这一重要辞旧迎新的节日设计了“Look back on 2014”和 “Look forward to 2015”的英文诗创作活动。前者运用现在完成时的被动语态来回顾2014,后者运用将来时的被动语态来描述自己2015新的一年的决心与愿望,学生精彩作品展示如下:
Look back on 2014
Forget about the storms you have been caught in,
But don’t forget the sunshine you have enjoyed.
Forget about the times you have been defeated,
But don’t forget the victories you have won.
Forget about the misfortunes you have encountered,
But don’t forget the luck you have been granted.
Forget about the loneliness you have suffered,
But don’t forget the smiles you have been given.
Forget about the plans that have been messed up,
But don’t forget the dream that you have stuck to.
My Resolution for 2015
Time will be well managed;
Diet will be balanced;
Jogging will be done regularly;
Sweets will not be allowed;
Weight will be controlled;
Homework will be finished;
Math will be improved;
Computer games will be limited;
More books will be read;
Progress will be made;
Let’s wave goodbye to 2014 with gratitude,
and give welcome to 2015 with resolution!
学生的诗表达了个人对生活的安排与畅想,英文诗让学生在语言的学习中体验了个体的意义,尊重了学生个体的差异、需求及情感愿望;学生在英文诗中规划着自己的人生和梦想,这是一种诗意人生的美好体验和学习的过程。
3. 结合生活体验
语言的学习离不开生活,它立足于生活,更要运用于生活。它要以学生的生活体验和兴趣为出发点。在《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》的语法目标中更是明确指出高中阶段语法学习的重要目标之一是使用适当的语言形式描述人和事物,表达观点、态度和情感等。人教版教材必修一第一、二单元的语法项目是直接引语和间接引语,这一项目的要点之一是“tell/ask…somebody to do” 以及宾语从句。笔者结合清单诗的创作设计了这一知识点的学习活动。主要学习活动如下:
(1)学生复习总结verb + somebody+ to do结构中的动词,如:ask, tell, encourage, command, inspire, permit, allow, force, forbid, advise, expect, persuade, prefer, request, require, order等等。
(2)学生运用以上结构创作一首清单诗描述自己生活中的一个人物,如父母、教师、朋友等等。
(3)学生完成一首题为“Oh, what_______ questions!”的英文诗,横线上的词依据诗的内容填入相应的形容词,诗中斜体部分为已提供的结构。此环节主要训练宾语从句的正确运用,尤其是语序以及主从句时态的一致。 学生的部分作品如下:
清单诗一:
Mum
She tells me to work harder,
She commands me to finish homework,
She encourages me to try again after failure,
She requests me to respect others,
She inspires me to stick to my dream,
She advises me to manage my time well,
She persuades me to keep to my plan,
She prefers me to be an honest man,
She forces me to drink milk every day,
She forbids me to cheat in any way,
She expects me to be the best of myself,
She is my mum—an amazing woman!
清单诗二:
What Silly Questions!
He wondered whether the sky was really blue in color;
He wondered what would happen in 1000 years;
He wondered where he was from;
He wondered when he could be a real man;
He wondered why his parents loved him so much;
He wondered how he could travel by time machine;
He asked her whether he was her whole world;
He asked her what the word “mother”really meant;
He asked her where God lived;
He asked her when animals could talk like human;
He asked her how grandparents’ hair became gray;
He asked her why stars could only be seen at night;
She thought that he was such a “silly”yet lovely boy,
So she said, “oh, my boy, find the answers by yourself!”
学生在清单诗不断重复的模式(pattern)中培养了基本的语感,了解了祈使句的直接引语变间接引语的形式以及宾语从句的重点和难点,更重要的是理解了学习的实际生活意义,意识到语言是生活情感的重要表达形式,英文诗是学习与生活的纽带。4. 结合内心需求
语言最重要的功能是表达情感和思想。人教版教材必修三第四单元的语法项目为名词性从句,主要包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。笔者设计了一节“Talk and Tackle”(问题的沟通与解决)的内心世界交流课,让课堂成为心灵交流的平台,让表达成为心灵的释放。
Step 1: Presentation
教师根据自己实际生活中遇到的问题以名词性从句的形式展示如下:
What annoying problems!
① Whether she can build up her confidence really bothers me.
② That she deliberately disobeys me particularly upsets me.
③ What really worries me is that she has such low self-esteem.
④ It worries me that she lacks confidence.
⑤ The fact that she has such a mean opinion of herself worries me.
⑥ My primary concern is how she can boost her self-esteem.
⑦ I really don’t know what I can do with it.
笔者以自己生活的烦恼:女儿不自信这一问题开篇,拉近与学生的距离,为学生自我真实倾诉做好铺垫。同时提问学生:What problems am I faced with?通过提问检验学生对句子意义的理解。
Step 2: Observe and Understand
学生观察上面例句形式,判断主句与从句以及从句类型(①—④主语从句,⑤同位语从句,⑥表语从句,⑦宾语从句),并总结出表达内心烦恼的基本句型结构,如下:
① Whether … really bothers me.
② That … particularly upsets me. ③ What really worries me is that …
④ It worries me that …
⑤ The fact that … worries me.
⑥ My primary concern is …
⑦ I really don’t know …
并让学生额外补充:
What I find difficult is …
Why/How … troubles me all the time.
The present difficulty is …
The real trouble is …
The big problem is …
The possibility that … scares me.
同时鼓励小组讨论如何恰当使用关系代词who/whom/whose/that/what及关系副词when/where/why/how等。
Step 3: Help me! My Soul Mate!
学生以“Help me! My Soul Mate!”为题,运用上文的名词性从句句型与自己心灵对话,写下自己的烦恼和问题,组成一首“问题”清单诗。
Step 4: Don’t Worry! I am Here to Help!
学生把诗作给自己班里最知心的朋友(soul mate),soul mate阅读诗作,标出并修正一些语法错误,并作一首回应清单诗,给朋友提出意见和建议。同时,教师引导学生总结提建议的名词性从句句型,学生总结提议的名词性从句句型如下:
My suggestion is that …
My advice is that …
What I think is that …
What I want to say is that …
I want to tell you that …
I think that …
教师鼓励学生将以上及类似名词性从句运用在提建议的清单诗中。完成后把诗作交回给问题倾诉者。
Step 5: Thank You! My Soul Mate!
学生阅读原作“问题”清单诗的修改意见并修改,同时阅读soul mate的“建议”清单诗标出并修正语法错误,最后以一首“感谢”清单诗结尾。教师引导学生总结运用名词性从句的“感谢”清单诗句型,如下:
His suggestion that … really encourages me!
Her advice that … gives me confidence!
His idea that … greatly inspires me!
The possibility that … pleases me!
The hope that … brightens my day!
在这样诗意般的倾诉、倾听、解忧、感恩的过程中,学生与自己的心灵对话,与同伴对话,满足了内心情感释放的需求,同时在倾听同伴的烦恼并帮助提出解决问题的建议中学会了分析问题和解决问题,语法学习的过程成为一段难忘的心路历程。
结语
英语诗歌具有韵律优美、节奏明快、意境新奇、韵味无穷等特点,在教学过程中,可以让师生感受其魅力所在,享受审美情趣,提高审美能力(高安柱,2012)。英语诗歌能激发学生学习兴趣,调动学生英语学习的积极性,增强英语教学的趣味性,提高学习效率,调节学习和生活氛围。在英语教学中加强英文诗歌的分析和鉴赏,对提高学生的语感和语言理解能力具有非常有效的作用。英文诗的创作与欣赏以学生的生活经验和兴趣为出发点,可操作性强,在听、学、读、创、唱等多种活动中,学生既可学到其中的语言知识,又可使自己的思维和想象力、审美情趣和艺术感受、协作和创新精神等综合素质得到发展。这样的诗意课堂有助于学生打破思维定式,拓宽思路,更灵活地掌握与运用英语;这样的浪漫课堂让学生的世界充满了人文情怀;这样的艺术课堂是体验美和创造美的历程!
参考文献
高安柱. 让英语教学插上诗歌的翅膀 [EB/OL]. http://www.docin.com/ p-490237308.html. 2012-9-29.
人民教育出版社. 普通高中课程标准实验教科书·英语1-5 (必修模块)[T].北京:人民教育出版社,2007.
童庆炳. 文学理论教程[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
中华人民共和国教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
关键词:英文诗创作;语法教学
引言
《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》的语言知识目标中对于语法有明确要求,要求学生能使用适当的形式描述事物,简单地表达观点、态度或情感等。这就明确了语法教学的目的是语用。同时也明确了语法教学的三个维度:形式(form)、意义(meaning)和运用(use),并且在教学中要使三者有效地结合,尽可能做到语法结构知识与功能知识并重,使学生既了解语言形式,又知道它的表意功能,并且能够在交际中恰当地、有效地加以运用。而目前的高中语法教学偏重于形式,忽略意义和运用,同时把语法知识的教学和其他知识和技能的教学隔离开来孤立进行,导致语法教学失去了趣味性和实践性,更失去了培养学生想象力和创造性的育人功能。笔者尝试把英文诗的创作与欣赏与语法教学活动结合,将英语教学的知识性、趣味性和文学性、艺术性融为一体。
诗是一种词语凝练、结构跳跃、富有节奏和韵律、高度集中地反映生活和表达思想感情的文学体裁(童庆炳, 2004)。英文诗,当属文学的范畴。它有明显的节奏,大多数英文诗押韵,使诗歌和谐、优美、富于音乐感,给读者感官上的满足感,使读者在朗读的过程中产生美的共鸣。英语诗强烈的韵律美、节奏美和意境美,使人领略英语诗的魅力,享受诗歌美的审美乐趣。英语诗语言凝练,寓意深刻,同时以其细致严谨的结构,描境状物,抒情言志,赞美讽喻,达人策己,可以砥砺师生意志,陶冶师生情操(高安柱,2012)。
人教版教材选修六第二单元的主课文专门介绍了几种简单的英文诗,其中除五行诗以外,清单诗、副词诗以及自由诗都是具有一定文法结构的句子组成。其中清单诗和副词诗具有句式不断重复的特点,因此这类英文诗的创作在语法教学中不仅能够起到巩固强化的作用,帮助学生形成语感,更重要的是在知识与生活之间架起了一座桥梁,让学生充分地运用英语表达内心的情感与思想,让他们感受到语言的魅力和生活的浪漫与美好!
英文诗在高中英语语法教学中的运用与实践
1. 结合阅读教学
教材的单元整体设计使得阅读文本给单元的语法教学提供了充分的语言材料,如何有效地搭建起阅读文本与语法教学之间桥梁,是单元整体教学的重要一环。笔者在人教版教材必修一第五单元的基于阅读文本理解的英文诗创作教学设计就起到了很好的连接作用。
必修一第五单元的话题为“当代英雄纳尔逊·曼德拉”,主课文“Elias’Story” 以伊莱亚斯的口吻叙述了曼德拉对他的帮助及影响,反映了曼德拉的伟人品质,同时也渗透了伊莱亚斯对曼德拉的深厚感情。本单元的语法项目为关系副词及介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。阅读文本中提供了很多相关语法的语言材料。本教学设计主要是阅读教学进行后的复习关系代词引导的定语从句,学习介词+关系代词引导的定语从句的语法教学。
首先让学生运用下面的定语从句结构,以清单诗的形式归纳总结阅读文本的两个主要人物Elias和Nelson Mandela的特点。(横线空格填形容词)
Elias was a _________ person(worker, boy…) who/that/whose…
Nelson Mandela was a ____________ person(leader, politician…) who/that/ whose…
学生作品如下:
清单诗一:
Who is Elias?
He was a poor black worker who had very little education.
He was a poor boy whose parents couldn’t afford to educate him.
He was a young man who became more hopeful with Mandela’s help.
He was the League member who was loyal to Mandela.
He was a young man who fought for the black people’s rights.
清单诗二:
Nelson Mandela in Elias’ Eyes
He was a kind lawyer who offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problem.
He was an ambitious man who organized the ANC Youth League.
He was a generous man who devoted lots of time to helping black people.
He was a wise politician who had great insight into the social problems.
He was an intelligent leader who chose to fight in a peaceful way first and then violence.
He was a great hero who inspired so many people to follow him.
He was a great leader Elias admired so much. 以上环节既强化了学生对阅读篇章的题解,培养了学生归纳总结的思维能力,又对关系代词引导的定语从句进行了复习,为下一步的介词+关系代词做了铺垫。
随后,教师鼓励学生从文中找出介词+关系代词的定语从句,如下:
The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people.
We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important or fight the government.
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
Mandela was generous with his time, for which Elias was grateful.
学生理解意义及与关系代词引导的定语从句关系,并通过最后一句“Mandela was generous with his time, for which Elias was grateful.”引出以下两个定语从句:
Mandela was a great leader to whom Elias was grateful.
Mandela was a kind lawyer without whom Elias couldn’t have stayed in Johannesburg.
之后学生通过观察提炼出以下三个语法结构:
Somebody does/did something, for which I am/was grateful.
Somebody is/was a… to whom I am/ was grateful.
Somebody is/was a… without whom I couldn’t have done something.
本学习阶段正值感恩节来临之际,因此学生的英文诗创作任务是运用以上结构创作一首题为 “Thanks to…”的英文诗。学生作品之一如下:
Thanks to my English Teacher
My English teacher teaches me to write poems and stories of my own,
For which I am grateful.
She encourages me to learn English in many interesting ways,
For which I am grateful.
She always writes inspiring words and helpful comments on my homework,
For which I am grateful.
She is strict with us yet loving and caring in life,
For which I am grateful.
She is an excellent teacher, without whom I couldn’t have enjoyed English so much.
She is one of the greatest mentors in my life, without whom I couldn’t have been so hopeful for my future life!
She is the person to whom I am grateful forever!
如此感人的真情流露是对英语教学意义的最好阐释!英文诗,它让语法学习更加浪漫,让语法知识充满情感!它是师生情感交流的最好平台!
2. 结合节假日主题
语法教学中的时态是重点也是难点,过度讲解是语法教学的普遍病症。其实时态是描述生活中事件发生的时间及状态,因此把时态的教学与生活中的事件联系在一起学习才能赋予语法学习实际意义。笔者采用英文诗创作这一形式把语法学习与节假日结合,从而实现语法教学的真正意义。
在必修一第三单元学习现在进行时表将来这一语法项目时,正值北京由于APEC会议的召开放假6天(2014年11月7日至11月12日),在放假前笔者设计了这一节语法课,学生通过完成一首清单诗和一首副词诗来学习理解和运用现在进行时表将来已做安排的个人计划这一语法项目。主要教学过程如下:
(1)学生填写表1中间一栏,完成自己假期的计划安排(见下页表 1)。
(2)学生两人一组互相提问了解对方假期安排并把关键信息填入表1的第三栏(见下页表1)。
—What are you doing on November…?—I am doing…
(3)学生创作一首题为“Her/His______ holiday”(横线填一形容词)的一清单诗来描述同伴的假期,基本格式如下:
Her _______ Holiday!
She is doing…on November 7th,
She is doing…
…
She will have a ________ holiday!
(4)学生结合假期和单元话题(第三单元话题为“旅行”)创作一首题为“My Dream Trip”的副词诗。内容由以下旅行的基本要素组成: Where are you going for your holiday?
Who are you going with?
How are you going there?
What are you doing there?
Where are you staying?
How long are you staying?
When are you returning?
创作的副词诗基本形式如下(重复副词Happily只是参考,学生可以使用其他副词):
My Dream Trip
Happily I am going … for my holiday,
Happily I am going with…
…
Happily …
学生的作品见表2。
第一首诗是高中生假期休息与学习生活的再现,第二首诗是学生丰富想象力的代表。
除假期外,一些重要的节日也是重要的学习契机。必修二第二、三、四单元的语法项目分别为将来时和完成时的被动语态,学习阶段正好是新年元旦即将来临,笔者结合这一重要辞旧迎新的节日设计了“Look back on 2014”和 “Look forward to 2015”的英文诗创作活动。前者运用现在完成时的被动语态来回顾2014,后者运用将来时的被动语态来描述自己2015新的一年的决心与愿望,学生精彩作品展示如下:
Look back on 2014
Forget about the storms you have been caught in,
But don’t forget the sunshine you have enjoyed.
Forget about the times you have been defeated,
But don’t forget the victories you have won.
Forget about the misfortunes you have encountered,
But don’t forget the luck you have been granted.
Forget about the loneliness you have suffered,
But don’t forget the smiles you have been given.
Forget about the plans that have been messed up,
But don’t forget the dream that you have stuck to.
My Resolution for 2015
Time will be well managed;
Diet will be balanced;
Jogging will be done regularly;
Sweets will not be allowed;
Weight will be controlled;
Homework will be finished;
Math will be improved;
Computer games will be limited;
More books will be read;
Progress will be made;
Let’s wave goodbye to 2014 with gratitude,
and give welcome to 2015 with resolution!
学生的诗表达了个人对生活的安排与畅想,英文诗让学生在语言的学习中体验了个体的意义,尊重了学生个体的差异、需求及情感愿望;学生在英文诗中规划着自己的人生和梦想,这是一种诗意人生的美好体验和学习的过程。
3. 结合生活体验
语言的学习离不开生活,它立足于生活,更要运用于生活。它要以学生的生活体验和兴趣为出发点。在《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》的语法目标中更是明确指出高中阶段语法学习的重要目标之一是使用适当的语言形式描述人和事物,表达观点、态度和情感等。人教版教材必修一第一、二单元的语法项目是直接引语和间接引语,这一项目的要点之一是“tell/ask…somebody to do” 以及宾语从句。笔者结合清单诗的创作设计了这一知识点的学习活动。主要学习活动如下:
(1)学生复习总结verb + somebody+ to do结构中的动词,如:ask, tell, encourage, command, inspire, permit, allow, force, forbid, advise, expect, persuade, prefer, request, require, order等等。
(2)学生运用以上结构创作一首清单诗描述自己生活中的一个人物,如父母、教师、朋友等等。
(3)学生完成一首题为“Oh, what_______ questions!”的英文诗,横线上的词依据诗的内容填入相应的形容词,诗中斜体部分为已提供的结构。此环节主要训练宾语从句的正确运用,尤其是语序以及主从句时态的一致。 学生的部分作品如下:
清单诗一:
Mum
She tells me to work harder,
She commands me to finish homework,
She encourages me to try again after failure,
She requests me to respect others,
She inspires me to stick to my dream,
She advises me to manage my time well,
She persuades me to keep to my plan,
She prefers me to be an honest man,
She forces me to drink milk every day,
She forbids me to cheat in any way,
She expects me to be the best of myself,
She is my mum—an amazing woman!
清单诗二:
What Silly Questions!
He wondered whether the sky was really blue in color;
He wondered what would happen in 1000 years;
He wondered where he was from;
He wondered when he could be a real man;
He wondered why his parents loved him so much;
He wondered how he could travel by time machine;
He asked her whether he was her whole world;
He asked her what the word “mother”really meant;
He asked her where God lived;
He asked her when animals could talk like human;
He asked her how grandparents’ hair became gray;
He asked her why stars could only be seen at night;
She thought that he was such a “silly”yet lovely boy,
So she said, “oh, my boy, find the answers by yourself!”
学生在清单诗不断重复的模式(pattern)中培养了基本的语感,了解了祈使句的直接引语变间接引语的形式以及宾语从句的重点和难点,更重要的是理解了学习的实际生活意义,意识到语言是生活情感的重要表达形式,英文诗是学习与生活的纽带。4. 结合内心需求
语言最重要的功能是表达情感和思想。人教版教材必修三第四单元的语法项目为名词性从句,主要包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。笔者设计了一节“Talk and Tackle”(问题的沟通与解决)的内心世界交流课,让课堂成为心灵交流的平台,让表达成为心灵的释放。
Step 1: Presentation
教师根据自己实际生活中遇到的问题以名词性从句的形式展示如下:
What annoying problems!
① Whether she can build up her confidence really bothers me.
② That she deliberately disobeys me particularly upsets me.
③ What really worries me is that she has such low self-esteem.
④ It worries me that she lacks confidence.
⑤ The fact that she has such a mean opinion of herself worries me.
⑥ My primary concern is how she can boost her self-esteem.
⑦ I really don’t know what I can do with it.
笔者以自己生活的烦恼:女儿不自信这一问题开篇,拉近与学生的距离,为学生自我真实倾诉做好铺垫。同时提问学生:What problems am I faced with?通过提问检验学生对句子意义的理解。
Step 2: Observe and Understand
学生观察上面例句形式,判断主句与从句以及从句类型(①—④主语从句,⑤同位语从句,⑥表语从句,⑦宾语从句),并总结出表达内心烦恼的基本句型结构,如下:
① Whether … really bothers me.
② That … particularly upsets me. ③ What really worries me is that …
④ It worries me that …
⑤ The fact that … worries me.
⑥ My primary concern is …
⑦ I really don’t know …
并让学生额外补充:
What I find difficult is …
Why/How … troubles me all the time.
The present difficulty is …
The real trouble is …
The big problem is …
The possibility that … scares me.
同时鼓励小组讨论如何恰当使用关系代词who/whom/whose/that/what及关系副词when/where/why/how等。
Step 3: Help me! My Soul Mate!
学生以“Help me! My Soul Mate!”为题,运用上文的名词性从句句型与自己心灵对话,写下自己的烦恼和问题,组成一首“问题”清单诗。
Step 4: Don’t Worry! I am Here to Help!
学生把诗作给自己班里最知心的朋友(soul mate),soul mate阅读诗作,标出并修正一些语法错误,并作一首回应清单诗,给朋友提出意见和建议。同时,教师引导学生总结提建议的名词性从句句型,学生总结提议的名词性从句句型如下:
My suggestion is that …
My advice is that …
What I think is that …
What I want to say is that …
I want to tell you that …
I think that …
教师鼓励学生将以上及类似名词性从句运用在提建议的清单诗中。完成后把诗作交回给问题倾诉者。
Step 5: Thank You! My Soul Mate!
学生阅读原作“问题”清单诗的修改意见并修改,同时阅读soul mate的“建议”清单诗标出并修正语法错误,最后以一首“感谢”清单诗结尾。教师引导学生总结运用名词性从句的“感谢”清单诗句型,如下:
His suggestion that … really encourages me!
Her advice that … gives me confidence!
His idea that … greatly inspires me!
The possibility that … pleases me!
The hope that … brightens my day!
在这样诗意般的倾诉、倾听、解忧、感恩的过程中,学生与自己的心灵对话,与同伴对话,满足了内心情感释放的需求,同时在倾听同伴的烦恼并帮助提出解决问题的建议中学会了分析问题和解决问题,语法学习的过程成为一段难忘的心路历程。
结语
英语诗歌具有韵律优美、节奏明快、意境新奇、韵味无穷等特点,在教学过程中,可以让师生感受其魅力所在,享受审美情趣,提高审美能力(高安柱,2012)。英语诗歌能激发学生学习兴趣,调动学生英语学习的积极性,增强英语教学的趣味性,提高学习效率,调节学习和生活氛围。在英语教学中加强英文诗歌的分析和鉴赏,对提高学生的语感和语言理解能力具有非常有效的作用。英文诗的创作与欣赏以学生的生活经验和兴趣为出发点,可操作性强,在听、学、读、创、唱等多种活动中,学生既可学到其中的语言知识,又可使自己的思维和想象力、审美情趣和艺术感受、协作和创新精神等综合素质得到发展。这样的诗意课堂有助于学生打破思维定式,拓宽思路,更灵活地掌握与运用英语;这样的浪漫课堂让学生的世界充满了人文情怀;这样的艺术课堂是体验美和创造美的历程!
参考文献
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