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在高中英语新课程标准中,对写作技能提出了更高的要求,同时,英语写作在高考中的得分也是使学生成绩拉开距离的重要项目。但是高考英语书面表达历来是考生的一个薄弱环节,究其原因,主要是学生缺乏系统的、循序渐进的写作基本功的训练。具体表现在:1、学生活学活用词汇的能力较差,学生对词汇的认识较多停留在读音、拼写和词义的层次上。2、句式单一,单调乏味。3、母语干扰演变成“中式英语”。4、学生过多注重语法,忽略语篇的写作知识与技巧。找出以上问题所在,教师就应重视英语写作,采取有效对策,认真研究新教材和新课程标准,在指导学生英语写作上下功夫,有计划、有目的的训练和提高学生的写作能力,提高学生书面表达能力。
一、常抓听写和翻译 夯实词汇和短语
听写能促使学生掌握单词和短语拼写。该法简单有效,易操作。每天坚持让学生听写,不过关者重复听写,直至过关为止。汉译英练习能够帮助学生熟悉和运用教材每单元的重点短语,但机械、呆板的翻译练习往往使学生厌烦。教师在布置翻译练习时,不妨创造性地利用教材,以学生的兴趣、爱好或熟知的事物为出发点来设计练习。以高一英语必修二Unit5为例,我设计了以下一组练习题:
1、当他是个孩子的时候,就梦想着做一名警察。(dream of)
2、当他们谈到那件事的时候,他假装没有听说过)。(pretend not to have done)
3、他喜欢开玩笑,因此在同学中很有人缘。( play jokes on)
4、老师很看重你们的建议。(attach importance to)
5、没必要散布他这次考试不及格的事实。(broadcast)
这组题贴近学生的生活,符合学生的认知规律和心里特点。同学们把做习题的过程看是师生交流、生生对话,因而具有较高的参与热情。另外,让学生多做词汇模仿练习,以增进他们对英语语言各个层面的意识,加强其英语写作表达能力。如学生可以套用句子Xiao Wang is interested in folk songs.中be interested in的用法来写出下面的英语句子I am interested in English.
二、针对句式单一,尝试多样化的表达方式
学生从开始接触英语时就学到“主――谓――(宾)”或“主――系――表”结构。它是最基本、最常用,也是大部分学生唯一能够信手拈来的句型。但这种句式若从头至尾地贯穿于书面表达中,习作就显得单调乏味。怎样突破单一句式,使文章生动活泼、结构紧凑?我们可以帮助学生学会运用以下表达方式:
1、倒装句式和定语从句的运用:a)、地点状语+谓语+主语(时态限于一般现在时和一般过去时)。该句型常用来描述物体方位,它比“there be”句型更令人印象深刻,结合定语从句的运用,使句子结构更加紧凑。如There is a brook in front of the house,and there is a wooden bridge over the brook,under the bridge there is a boat ,and on the boat there is a kid about ten years old.我们可将句子改为:In front of the house runs a small brook ,on which there is a wooden bridge,under the bridge lies a boat in which sits a small boy about ten years old.改写后的句子句意紧凑,语言丰富,有一气呵成之感。b)、运用如下倒装句式进行句型转换训练:
(1)、As soon as I got to the station,the train left. 或The moment I got to the station,the train left.
---Hardly had I got to the station,when the tiain left.
---Noon sooner had I got to the station,than the train left.
(2)、He didn’t recognize me until I took off my glasses. 或 It was not until I took off my glasses that he recognized me.
----Not until I took off my glasses did he recognize me.
2、动词非谓语形式的运用。动词非谓语形式的正确使用可使行文简洁、流畅。如She was excited at the news and hurried to tell her mother about it.
----Excited at the news,she hurried to tell her mother about it.
He finished his homework and went out to play.
----Having finished his homework,he went out to play.
3、从句的运用。熟练掌握以下句型对写作帮助很大。
a)、before的两个句型
(1)还要多久……(从句的动作)才发生或者就发生:It will be+一段时间 +before +S+V.如:It will be two years and a half before we graduate from the school. 还有两年半,我们就要从这个学校毕业了。 (2)从句的动作还没来得及做,主句的动作就发生了:S+V+before+S+V.如:He hung up the phone ,before I could answer it. 我还没来得及接电话,他就挂断了。
(b)sb./sth.Be about to do sth.(be doing sth.+when+S+V.句型。如: We were about to go out when it rained heavily yesterday.
(c)what引导的名词性从句。如:
What surprised(worried,disappointed,impressed…)me most is that….
What I need(want,worryabout,hope…)is that….
(d)It is 形容词或过去分词+that—clause句型。
(e)It happened that+S+V句型。(碰巧发生什么事)。
(f)强调句型:It is(was)+被强调成分+that/who+句子的其它成分。如:It is he who told me the secret,
三、找出症结,帮助学生克服英语写作中的母语干扰
在英语写作教学实践中,我们不难发现学生有以下几种通病:1、认为英语中存在与汉语完全对应的词。实际上,除了一些专业术语外,英汉两种语言中几乎没有完全对应的词。比如,“我对这种做法没有意见。”中的“意见”便不能用“opinion”,甚至也不能用名词,一个动词“object”即可。2、在写英语作文时,大部分学生往往会用汉语思维构思篇章,然后再按照汉语的意思逐词逐句译成汉语。有些中式英语妨碍了交流思想,如:There is no regret medicine in the world.我们应引导学生用简单的英语表达来克服母语的干扰,可向学生讲解如何将上述句子转化为正确的英语表达,如:It is no use regretting it.我们也可以给学生提供一个与此相关的谚语,如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.也有的中式英语虽不地道,但并不妨碍交际。如:use tomorrow’s money.我们可指导学生加以适当的英语解释,如:the money they will earn in the future.同时再向学生讲明“花明天的钱”的地道表达:Buy now,pay later.
四、恰当使用话语标记语,呈现连贯性语篇
在很多学生看来,作文仿佛是句子的任意堆砌。他们不知构成语篇的句子必须是相互关联的,而这些关联必须借助连接词来实现。学生在如何区分表示转折、递进、因果、让步等各种关系的话语标记语上缺少训练,通常分不清语篇间的逻辑语义关系,在行文中用错或选错标记语。新的高考评分标准对使用过渡用语作了明确规定,即有效使用语言的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。我们应积极鼓励学生养成习惯,思考句与句之间存在的逻辑关系,让学生熟练掌握英语八类连接词:
1、转折关系:but,yet,nevertheless,however,on the contrary,in fact,at the same time,actually,instead, in fact ,on the other hand …..
2、递进关系:and,and also,besides,in addition,in other words,generally,that is to say,by the way,on the other hand,what’s more,as well….
3、因果关系:so,therefore,for this reason,as a result,in that case, because ,so that ,thus, since,as…
4、让步关系:though,although
5、时间顺序关系:and then,next,after that,firstly,secondly,and finally,at once,immediately,shortly after that,two days later,when ,before, after, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, since, from now on , suddenly, at the same time, finally, at last…
6、举例说明:for example ,for instance,such as ,like…
7、陈述事实:in fact , actually, as a matter of fact ,to tell the truth, to be franck, to be honest ,honestly speaking….
8、总结: on the whole, in short ,all in all ,general, in a word, in conclusion, in summary…
另外,教师可尝试让学生做短文填空练习,帮助学生复习学过的话语标记语,学会在一定的语境中正确运用这些词;让学生做排列句子顺序练习,帮助学生意识到句子间的衔接和段落连贯。教师还可以从学生习作中选择有错误的段落让学生更正,然后展开课堂讨论,以纠正学生话语标记语的错误使用,帮助学生区分文章内在的语义关系。
学生英语写作水平的提高并非一朝一日之事,在平时的写作教学中教师还应注重培养学生以下习惯:1、首拟草稿,构思要点,罗列主要单词和短语。2、考虑句与句之间如何过渡。3细读草稿,活用写作技巧,采用多样化的表达方式。4、誊清草稿,书写工整。
一、常抓听写和翻译 夯实词汇和短语
听写能促使学生掌握单词和短语拼写。该法简单有效,易操作。每天坚持让学生听写,不过关者重复听写,直至过关为止。汉译英练习能够帮助学生熟悉和运用教材每单元的重点短语,但机械、呆板的翻译练习往往使学生厌烦。教师在布置翻译练习时,不妨创造性地利用教材,以学生的兴趣、爱好或熟知的事物为出发点来设计练习。以高一英语必修二Unit5为例,我设计了以下一组练习题:
1、当他是个孩子的时候,就梦想着做一名警察。(dream of)
2、当他们谈到那件事的时候,他假装没有听说过)。(pretend not to have done)
3、他喜欢开玩笑,因此在同学中很有人缘。( play jokes on)
4、老师很看重你们的建议。(attach importance to)
5、没必要散布他这次考试不及格的事实。(broadcast)
这组题贴近学生的生活,符合学生的认知规律和心里特点。同学们把做习题的过程看是师生交流、生生对话,因而具有较高的参与热情。另外,让学生多做词汇模仿练习,以增进他们对英语语言各个层面的意识,加强其英语写作表达能力。如学生可以套用句子Xiao Wang is interested in folk songs.中be interested in的用法来写出下面的英语句子I am interested in English.
二、针对句式单一,尝试多样化的表达方式
学生从开始接触英语时就学到“主――谓――(宾)”或“主――系――表”结构。它是最基本、最常用,也是大部分学生唯一能够信手拈来的句型。但这种句式若从头至尾地贯穿于书面表达中,习作就显得单调乏味。怎样突破单一句式,使文章生动活泼、结构紧凑?我们可以帮助学生学会运用以下表达方式:
1、倒装句式和定语从句的运用:a)、地点状语+谓语+主语(时态限于一般现在时和一般过去时)。该句型常用来描述物体方位,它比“there be”句型更令人印象深刻,结合定语从句的运用,使句子结构更加紧凑。如There is a brook in front of the house,and there is a wooden bridge over the brook,under the bridge there is a boat ,and on the boat there is a kid about ten years old.我们可将句子改为:In front of the house runs a small brook ,on which there is a wooden bridge,under the bridge lies a boat in which sits a small boy about ten years old.改写后的句子句意紧凑,语言丰富,有一气呵成之感。b)、运用如下倒装句式进行句型转换训练:
(1)、As soon as I got to the station,the train left. 或The moment I got to the station,the train left.
---Hardly had I got to the station,when the tiain left.
---Noon sooner had I got to the station,than the train left.
(2)、He didn’t recognize me until I took off my glasses. 或 It was not until I took off my glasses that he recognized me.
----Not until I took off my glasses did he recognize me.
2、动词非谓语形式的运用。动词非谓语形式的正确使用可使行文简洁、流畅。如She was excited at the news and hurried to tell her mother about it.
----Excited at the news,she hurried to tell her mother about it.
He finished his homework and went out to play.
----Having finished his homework,he went out to play.
3、从句的运用。熟练掌握以下句型对写作帮助很大。
a)、before的两个句型
(1)还要多久……(从句的动作)才发生或者就发生:It will be+一段时间 +before +S+V.如:It will be two years and a half before we graduate from the school. 还有两年半,我们就要从这个学校毕业了。 (2)从句的动作还没来得及做,主句的动作就发生了:S+V+before+S+V.如:He hung up the phone ,before I could answer it. 我还没来得及接电话,他就挂断了。
(b)sb./sth.Be about to do sth.(be doing sth.+when+S+V.句型。如: We were about to go out when it rained heavily yesterday.
(c)what引导的名词性从句。如:
What surprised(worried,disappointed,impressed…)me most is that….
What I need(want,worryabout,hope…)is that….
(d)It is 形容词或过去分词+that—clause句型。
(e)It happened that+S+V句型。(碰巧发生什么事)。
(f)强调句型:It is(was)+被强调成分+that/who+句子的其它成分。如:It is he who told me the secret,
三、找出症结,帮助学生克服英语写作中的母语干扰
在英语写作教学实践中,我们不难发现学生有以下几种通病:1、认为英语中存在与汉语完全对应的词。实际上,除了一些专业术语外,英汉两种语言中几乎没有完全对应的词。比如,“我对这种做法没有意见。”中的“意见”便不能用“opinion”,甚至也不能用名词,一个动词“object”即可。2、在写英语作文时,大部分学生往往会用汉语思维构思篇章,然后再按照汉语的意思逐词逐句译成汉语。有些中式英语妨碍了交流思想,如:There is no regret medicine in the world.我们应引导学生用简单的英语表达来克服母语的干扰,可向学生讲解如何将上述句子转化为正确的英语表达,如:It is no use regretting it.我们也可以给学生提供一个与此相关的谚语,如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.也有的中式英语虽不地道,但并不妨碍交际。如:use tomorrow’s money.我们可指导学生加以适当的英语解释,如:the money they will earn in the future.同时再向学生讲明“花明天的钱”的地道表达:Buy now,pay later.
四、恰当使用话语标记语,呈现连贯性语篇
在很多学生看来,作文仿佛是句子的任意堆砌。他们不知构成语篇的句子必须是相互关联的,而这些关联必须借助连接词来实现。学生在如何区分表示转折、递进、因果、让步等各种关系的话语标记语上缺少训练,通常分不清语篇间的逻辑语义关系,在行文中用错或选错标记语。新的高考评分标准对使用过渡用语作了明确规定,即有效使用语言的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。我们应积极鼓励学生养成习惯,思考句与句之间存在的逻辑关系,让学生熟练掌握英语八类连接词:
1、转折关系:but,yet,nevertheless,however,on the contrary,in fact,at the same time,actually,instead, in fact ,on the other hand …..
2、递进关系:and,and also,besides,in addition,in other words,generally,that is to say,by the way,on the other hand,what’s more,as well….
3、因果关系:so,therefore,for this reason,as a result,in that case, because ,so that ,thus, since,as…
4、让步关系:though,although
5、时间顺序关系:and then,next,after that,firstly,secondly,and finally,at once,immediately,shortly after that,two days later,when ,before, after, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, since, from now on , suddenly, at the same time, finally, at last…
6、举例说明:for example ,for instance,such as ,like…
7、陈述事实:in fact , actually, as a matter of fact ,to tell the truth, to be franck, to be honest ,honestly speaking….
8、总结: on the whole, in short ,all in all ,general, in a word, in conclusion, in summary…
另外,教师可尝试让学生做短文填空练习,帮助学生复习学过的话语标记语,学会在一定的语境中正确运用这些词;让学生做排列句子顺序练习,帮助学生意识到句子间的衔接和段落连贯。教师还可以从学生习作中选择有错误的段落让学生更正,然后展开课堂讨论,以纠正学生话语标记语的错误使用,帮助学生区分文章内在的语义关系。
学生英语写作水平的提高并非一朝一日之事,在平时的写作教学中教师还应注重培养学生以下习惯:1、首拟草稿,构思要点,罗列主要单词和短语。2、考虑句与句之间如何过渡。3细读草稿,活用写作技巧,采用多样化的表达方式。4、誊清草稿,书写工整。