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摘要:短文改错是高中英语教学过程中的一个重点,传统的教学方式使得学生在学习时较为吃力,为此,在短文改错教学实践中,笔者尝试运用“阶段性教学理论”,直接从课文中取材,编写成不同形式的训练材料,按能力层级分为基础性—提示性—整体性三个阶段展开教学,以追求良好的教学效果。
关键词:短文改错 课文 阶段性训练
引言
课文是英语短文里最精粹、最经典的例子,学生借助于课文增进理解能力、学习语言知识。教师从课文中选取素材,编写成不同形式的短文改错练习题,可以将分析理解文意与积累储备语言知识有机结合,甚至可以促进学生迁移运用课文的能力,真正体现了“用课文教”的理念。
一、短文改错阶段性训练概说
高中英语短文改错教学应该遵循语言学习的规律,按照能力提升的阶段性特点设计相应的训练内容,使用有针对性的训练方法,提高学生的短文改错技能。教师可采用先分后合,从局部到整体,从文章阅读与写作的整体要求出发的方式,对训练进行有机的整合,完成阶段到整体的转化。
按照语言学习的发展规律,短文改错大体可分解成三个阶段训练:基础性训练、提示性训练和整体性训练。基础性训练,主要是借助于练习,识记所学单词与固定短语,在具体语境中将识记与运用相结合,让学生在短文改错时变得火眼金睛。提示性训练指教师可以通过适当的提示,引导学生将简单句利用连接词、句型转换和各种从句进行合并,在短文改错中得心应手。整体性训练,目的在于让学生掌握短文改错中的行文逻辑以及一致性错误的解决方法。学生在吃透课文的中心思想及逻辑发展顺序基础上结合词语、短语、句法,自主设计一篇完整的短文改错。学生也可仿写与课文相关的文章,相互纠正错误。
二、借助于课本原文,开展改错训练
(一)基础性训练
训练起步阶段,重点在于词汇和固定短语的准确识记及其在真实语境中的运用。依托课文组织训练材料,有利于:其一,学生熟读课文,增进对课文的深入理解,同时可以有效化解短文改错起步阶段的畏难情绪;其二,单词识记与运用可以在课文提供的语境中得到统一。常见的方法有三点:单句改错、课文改错及同类错误归纳总结。下面笔者以北师大版必修一第一单元“A Perfect Day”课文为例。
本单元重点词汇有matter, diet, switch, suffer, prefer, stand, support,fun,otherwise,volunteer,graduate,presentation,challenge,complain,peaceful,urgent.
重点短语有be supposed to, switch on/off/over, suffer from, can’t stand doing, take up, be filled with, go off.
1.单句改错
单句改错能够客观地反映出英语表达方式中学生出现的常见错误,以学生自己的错误设置训练重点内容,帮助学生正确理解、准确识记,丰富学生的语言基础知识储备。
I normally wake up before my alarm clock goes up.
I seldom have time for a fun.
也可以逐步增加难度,进行词组含义拓展延伸。
Meetings take down a large part of the day.
Obama said he planned the debate on Friday, declining to take up the challenge.
After retiring from office, my father took up painting.
2.课文改错
由于高中课文较长,课文中语言知识较多,因此,教师可以根据课文信息,设计短文改错,让学生进一步巩固语言知识。例如:
I normal wake up about five minute before my alarm clock went off. As soon as I hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed. This takes me little than fifteen minutes washing, get changed, have...
3.同类错误归纳总结
高中课文中的词汇和短语较多,教师通过提取文中出现的一些词汇与短语,对其特点进行分析与归纳,便于学生理解与记忆,可以让学生迅速地捕捉到不同短文改错中出现的一些同类错误。例如:
副词修饰动词: When I wake up I don’t get up immediate.
I normal wake up before my clock goes off.
名词单复数:I also do some exercises every day.
I seldom have time for funs.
(二)提示性訓练
词汇和固定短语的积累绝非一朝一夕之功,基础性短文改错训练作为一种有效的训练形式,应该坚持。在适当的时候,基础性训练与提示性训练可以同步进行,相互促进,逐步提高难度。提示性训练有多种形式,比如衔接手段的提示、句型转换方法的提示和从句类型的提示。
1.关注课文连接词,辨析所给短文的衔接错误
随着学生对语句和语段理解能力的提升,教师应该抓住句与句之间的连接词,让学生从思维逻辑理解的层面把句子与句子串联起来,在短文改错中准确地捕捉到错误的连接关系。 例如,北师大版必修五第十五单元的课文“Understanding”中应用不同的连接词使句子与句子之间的关系变得更加紧密。我们应该引导学生关注连接词,训练学生在具体的语言环境中将句子正确串联的能力。
Because The Earth must be the center of the universe.so
It felt like the Earth was standing still.
although Today we are...the answer out for us.but
Modern scientists...type of analysis.
therefore He was wrong.thus
Our understanding of the...and changing.
在这个例子中,我们可以在训练时要求学生运用课文中的连接词组合原文中的句子。当然,我们也可以鼓励学生运用其他连接词,使学生在短文改错中准确地把握句子之间的关联,发现连接词错误。
2.关注句型变换,弄清改错中的句法结构
句型转换体现的是英语语言表达的灵活性,转换句型可以帮助学生深入理解所学句型,进而强化对各种英语句法结构的认识。教师提示转换类型,使学生对于短文改错中遇到的各种句型变换的错误得心应手。
例如,北师大版必修五第十三单元“EQ:IQ”,在理解课文的同时,教师可以整理出一些经典的句型结构,让学生加以变换。
(1)They are also less likely to be troubled by problems.
变换成形式主语:
It’s likely that they are troubled by problems.
(2)Perhaps their failure is because of their low EQ.
变换成because:
Perhaps their failure is because their EQ is low.
教师在此基础上可以提高难度,将上面第二个句子做出更多的变换。
Since/As/Now that their EQ is low, they may fail.
Perhaps their low EQ leads to their failure.
3.关注从句特点,不再困惑于短文改错中的从句
高中英语教学,主要围绕三种从句:定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。掌握不同从句特点会大大减少学生对于从句的困惑,从而使学生在短文改错中找到从句错误。教师提示从句类型,让学生合并句子。
例如,北师大版必修二第六单元“Chinese Paper Art”是一篇以定语从句为语法重点的课文,特别强调关系代词的使用方法。教师可以提取课文中的原句,提示关系代词,设计将两个简单句组合成定语从句的训练。
Which Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs.
Tombs date back to the time of the Northern and Southern dynasty.
Whose A present for parents might show a paper cut of children.
Parents’child has recently been born.
对于学有余力的学生,教师可以提高难度,将课文中出现的非谓语动词与定语从句互换,增强学生对不同语法的理解,在短文改错中灵活应变。
Paper cuts used for decoration are often seen on windows.
Paper cuts which are used for decoration are often seen on windows.
Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.
Paper cuts showing the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.
(三)整体性训练
前面两个阶段主要训练词汇、短语及句子,為整体性训练打下坚实的基础。在最后一个阶段,高三一轮复习中,教师可引导学生细读全文,在理解课文中心思想及逻辑发展顺序的基础上结合词语、短语及句法,学生自主设计一篇完整的短文改错,尤其要注意行文逻辑错误以及一致性的错误,例如人称、时态、代词的一致等。学生也可仿写与课文相关的文章,学生之间相互纠正错误。
1.吃透课文信息,自创短文改错
教师引导学生吃透课文的词汇、短语及句法,学生自主设计一篇有关课文的短文改错,特别要注重行文逻辑和一致性错误,让学生真正地掌握短文改错中的各项考点。
例如:必修五第十三单元“First Impression”。下面是学生根据课文内容自编的一篇短文改错。
The day that I met my best friends for the first times, I was filled of anxiety. I was trying to do some revise in the library and people kept disturbing her. The last straw was then I heard someone which was singing behind me. At this moment, I thought she was inconsiderate. When getting home, I realized I left my book. I was very upset that I cried. Just then, a girl was called me and brought the book to me. It was a surprise that the girl was the one IΛshouted at for singing. I felt so guilt about my rude behavior. Then we became best friends.
2.源于课文信息,高于课文,学生仿写文章
学生仿写文章,巩固了课文中所学的知识,也升华了短文改错训练。所谓“当局者迷,旁观者清”,学生互改文章更容易发现错误并记住错误。
例如,下面是学生根据“First Impression”仿写的一篇文章,学生之间进行的修改。
One day, Jane went shopping in supermarket. When pay for what she had bought, Jane realized she remembered taking money with her. At that time, Jack noticed and decide to help Jane. However, Jack paid for the goods where Jane had bought. Jane was so surprised that she thanked for Jack’s kindness behavior. Then, Jane got her telephone number so as to return back his money. Gradual, they became best friends.
结束语
总之,立足高中课文,分阶段的短文改错训练,形式多样,内容丰富,可操作性很强。使用该方法后,学生对课文中的语言知识了如指掌,逐步地在短文改错中游刃有余。
参考文献:
[1]李秋英.词解英语——高中语法22天完美修炼[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.
[2]宛炳生.创新学案·英语·必修二·北师大版[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2007.
[3]李宝荣.中学英语教学设计优化策略[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.
[4]《名校学案》编委会.高中课标教材同步导学丛书·北师大版·英语必修2[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2006.
责任编辑:赵潇晗
关键词:短文改错 课文 阶段性训练
引言
课文是英语短文里最精粹、最经典的例子,学生借助于课文增进理解能力、学习语言知识。教师从课文中选取素材,编写成不同形式的短文改错练习题,可以将分析理解文意与积累储备语言知识有机结合,甚至可以促进学生迁移运用课文的能力,真正体现了“用课文教”的理念。
一、短文改错阶段性训练概说
高中英语短文改错教学应该遵循语言学习的规律,按照能力提升的阶段性特点设计相应的训练内容,使用有针对性的训练方法,提高学生的短文改错技能。教师可采用先分后合,从局部到整体,从文章阅读与写作的整体要求出发的方式,对训练进行有机的整合,完成阶段到整体的转化。
按照语言学习的发展规律,短文改错大体可分解成三个阶段训练:基础性训练、提示性训练和整体性训练。基础性训练,主要是借助于练习,识记所学单词与固定短语,在具体语境中将识记与运用相结合,让学生在短文改错时变得火眼金睛。提示性训练指教师可以通过适当的提示,引导学生将简单句利用连接词、句型转换和各种从句进行合并,在短文改错中得心应手。整体性训练,目的在于让学生掌握短文改错中的行文逻辑以及一致性错误的解决方法。学生在吃透课文的中心思想及逻辑发展顺序基础上结合词语、短语、句法,自主设计一篇完整的短文改错。学生也可仿写与课文相关的文章,相互纠正错误。
二、借助于课本原文,开展改错训练
(一)基础性训练
训练起步阶段,重点在于词汇和固定短语的准确识记及其在真实语境中的运用。依托课文组织训练材料,有利于:其一,学生熟读课文,增进对课文的深入理解,同时可以有效化解短文改错起步阶段的畏难情绪;其二,单词识记与运用可以在课文提供的语境中得到统一。常见的方法有三点:单句改错、课文改错及同类错误归纳总结。下面笔者以北师大版必修一第一单元“A Perfect Day”课文为例。
本单元重点词汇有matter, diet, switch, suffer, prefer, stand, support,fun,otherwise,volunteer,graduate,presentation,challenge,complain,peaceful,urgent.
重点短语有be supposed to, switch on/off/over, suffer from, can’t stand doing, take up, be filled with, go off.
1.单句改错
单句改错能够客观地反映出英语表达方式中学生出现的常见错误,以学生自己的错误设置训练重点内容,帮助学生正确理解、准确识记,丰富学生的语言基础知识储备。
I normally wake up before my alarm clock goes up.
I seldom have time for a fun.
也可以逐步增加难度,进行词组含义拓展延伸。
Meetings take down a large part of the day.
Obama said he planned the debate on Friday, declining to take up the challenge.
After retiring from office, my father took up painting.
2.课文改错
由于高中课文较长,课文中语言知识较多,因此,教师可以根据课文信息,设计短文改错,让学生进一步巩固语言知识。例如:
I normal wake up about five minute before my alarm clock went off. As soon as I hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed. This takes me little than fifteen minutes washing, get changed, have...
3.同类错误归纳总结
高中课文中的词汇和短语较多,教师通过提取文中出现的一些词汇与短语,对其特点进行分析与归纳,便于学生理解与记忆,可以让学生迅速地捕捉到不同短文改错中出现的一些同类错误。例如:
副词修饰动词: When I wake up I don’t get up immediate.
I normal wake up before my clock goes off.
名词单复数:I also do some exercises every day.
I seldom have time for funs.
(二)提示性訓练
词汇和固定短语的积累绝非一朝一夕之功,基础性短文改错训练作为一种有效的训练形式,应该坚持。在适当的时候,基础性训练与提示性训练可以同步进行,相互促进,逐步提高难度。提示性训练有多种形式,比如衔接手段的提示、句型转换方法的提示和从句类型的提示。
1.关注课文连接词,辨析所给短文的衔接错误
随着学生对语句和语段理解能力的提升,教师应该抓住句与句之间的连接词,让学生从思维逻辑理解的层面把句子与句子串联起来,在短文改错中准确地捕捉到错误的连接关系。 例如,北师大版必修五第十五单元的课文“Understanding”中应用不同的连接词使句子与句子之间的关系变得更加紧密。我们应该引导学生关注连接词,训练学生在具体的语言环境中将句子正确串联的能力。
Because The Earth must be the center of the universe.so
It felt like the Earth was standing still.
although Today we are...the answer out for us.but
Modern scientists...type of analysis.
therefore He was wrong.thus
Our understanding of the...and changing.
在这个例子中,我们可以在训练时要求学生运用课文中的连接词组合原文中的句子。当然,我们也可以鼓励学生运用其他连接词,使学生在短文改错中准确地把握句子之间的关联,发现连接词错误。
2.关注句型变换,弄清改错中的句法结构
句型转换体现的是英语语言表达的灵活性,转换句型可以帮助学生深入理解所学句型,进而强化对各种英语句法结构的认识。教师提示转换类型,使学生对于短文改错中遇到的各种句型变换的错误得心应手。
例如,北师大版必修五第十三单元“EQ:IQ”,在理解课文的同时,教师可以整理出一些经典的句型结构,让学生加以变换。
(1)They are also less likely to be troubled by problems.
变换成形式主语:
It’s likely that they are troubled by problems.
(2)Perhaps their failure is because of their low EQ.
变换成because:
Perhaps their failure is because their EQ is low.
教师在此基础上可以提高难度,将上面第二个句子做出更多的变换。
Since/As/Now that their EQ is low, they may fail.
Perhaps their low EQ leads to their failure.
3.关注从句特点,不再困惑于短文改错中的从句
高中英语教学,主要围绕三种从句:定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。掌握不同从句特点会大大减少学生对于从句的困惑,从而使学生在短文改错中找到从句错误。教师提示从句类型,让学生合并句子。
例如,北师大版必修二第六单元“Chinese Paper Art”是一篇以定语从句为语法重点的课文,特别强调关系代词的使用方法。教师可以提取课文中的原句,提示关系代词,设计将两个简单句组合成定语从句的训练。
Which Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs.
Tombs date back to the time of the Northern and Southern dynasty.
Whose A present for parents might show a paper cut of children.
Parents’child has recently been born.
对于学有余力的学生,教师可以提高难度,将课文中出现的非谓语动词与定语从句互换,增强学生对不同语法的理解,在短文改错中灵活应变。
Paper cuts used for decoration are often seen on windows.
Paper cuts which are used for decoration are often seen on windows.
Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.
Paper cuts showing the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.
(三)整体性训练
前面两个阶段主要训练词汇、短语及句子,為整体性训练打下坚实的基础。在最后一个阶段,高三一轮复习中,教师可引导学生细读全文,在理解课文中心思想及逻辑发展顺序的基础上结合词语、短语及句法,学生自主设计一篇完整的短文改错,尤其要注意行文逻辑错误以及一致性的错误,例如人称、时态、代词的一致等。学生也可仿写与课文相关的文章,学生之间相互纠正错误。
1.吃透课文信息,自创短文改错
教师引导学生吃透课文的词汇、短语及句法,学生自主设计一篇有关课文的短文改错,特别要注重行文逻辑和一致性错误,让学生真正地掌握短文改错中的各项考点。
例如:必修五第十三单元“First Impression”。下面是学生根据课文内容自编的一篇短文改错。
The day that I met my best friends for the first times, I was filled of anxiety. I was trying to do some revise in the library and people kept disturbing her. The last straw was then I heard someone which was singing behind me. At this moment, I thought she was inconsiderate. When getting home, I realized I left my book. I was very upset that I cried. Just then, a girl was called me and brought the book to me. It was a surprise that the girl was the one IΛshouted at for singing. I felt so guilt about my rude behavior. Then we became best friends.
2.源于课文信息,高于课文,学生仿写文章
学生仿写文章,巩固了课文中所学的知识,也升华了短文改错训练。所谓“当局者迷,旁观者清”,学生互改文章更容易发现错误并记住错误。
例如,下面是学生根据“First Impression”仿写的一篇文章,学生之间进行的修改。
One day, Jane went shopping in supermarket. When pay for what she had bought, Jane realized she remembered taking money with her. At that time, Jack noticed and decide to help Jane. However, Jack paid for the goods where Jane had bought. Jane was so surprised that she thanked for Jack’s kindness behavior. Then, Jane got her telephone number so as to return back his money. Gradual, they became best friends.
结束语
总之,立足高中课文,分阶段的短文改错训练,形式多样,内容丰富,可操作性很强。使用该方法后,学生对课文中的语言知识了如指掌,逐步地在短文改错中游刃有余。
参考文献:
[1]李秋英.词解英语——高中语法22天完美修炼[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.
[2]宛炳生.创新学案·英语·必修二·北师大版[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2007.
[3]李宝荣.中学英语教学设计优化策略[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.
[4]《名校学案》编委会.高中课标教材同步导学丛书·北师大版·英语必修2[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2006.
责任编辑:赵潇晗